【正文】 tes). The mean value of the bytes transmitted/received per second was recorded for 2 minutes per case. As can be seen transmitting small packets of data cased the transmition of more bytes because of the overhead added on each buffer. The continuous transmition of small buffers also cased some problems on the munication and on the overall telemedicine unit operation。 this case will cause problems when one of the fragmentation packets is lost [42] 機(jī)械專業(yè)中英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯 18 Considering the above two cases the transmission of data, especially through works that have low bandwidth and high error rates (such as GSM mobile work and Satellite Links), has to be done in a way that will utilize the work use as much as possible. The buffers transmitted must have size that want be either too small or too big. In order to measure the performance of TCP/IP over the GSM work several sizes of data buffers had been tested. The tests were performed using GSM modem, Nokia Card Phone for the telemedicine unit, and a POTS modem US robotics sportster voice 56 KBPS for the base unit. These two devices support pression protocol V42 bis. In order to perform the tests。 the expert doctor uses it as a processing terminal. Through the base unit, user has the full control of the telemedicine session. The user is able to monitor the connection with a client (telemedicine unit), send mands to the telemedicine unit such as the operation mode (biosignals or images) Figure 4. In cases were the base station is connected to a Hospital LAN the user can choose to which of the 機(jī)械專業(yè)中英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯 14 telemedicine units to connect to, as shown in Figure 5 the user of the base unit is able to choose and connect to anyone of the telemedicine units connected on the work. The units connected on the work can be ICU telemedicine units or distance mobile telemedicine units connected through phone lines. The Base Unit39。s technical implementation, an overview of the current trends and needs in the aforementioned Telemedicine applications was made, so that the different requirements are taken into account during design and development, thus ensuring maximum applicability and usability of the final system in distinct environments and situations. Table 1 provides the results of this overview, which was done towards a predefined list of criteria that usually influence a Telemedicine application implementation (cost, portability, autonomy, weight and size of Telemedicine device, type and quality of 機(jī)械專業(yè)中英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯 11 PC and camera, munication means used). Besides the above, the Telemedicine applications can be examined towards other criteria, like for example security needs, transmission type (continuos, store amp。s survival [2]. Especially in cases of serious head injuries, spinal cord or internal organs trauma, the way the incidents are treated and transported is crucial for the future well being of the patients. A quick look to past car accident statistics points out clearly the issue: During 1997, 6753500 incidents were reported in the United States [3] from which about 42020 people lost their lives, 2182660 drivers and 1125890 passengers were injured. In Europe during the same period 50000 people died resulting of car crash injuries and about half a million were severely injured. Furthermore, studies pleted in 1997 in Greece [4], a country with the world39。目前，該系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)在兩個(gè)不同國(guó)家，希臘和塞浦路斯安裝且正在使用。進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)時(shí)，選擇了從 71 到 479 字節(jié)的數(shù)據(jù)包，數(shù)據(jù)包的大小與發(fā)送的數(shù)據(jù)率成正比，發(fā)送時(shí)使用串口 RS232 。本論文所針對(duì)的對(duì)象是鄉(xiāng)村衛(wèi)生所、救護(hù)車或航海的輪船。系統(tǒng)技術(shù)測(cè)試使用的 GSM 網(wǎng)絡(luò)，目前允許的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率達(dá)到了 9600bps（但處于 正常的操作狀態(tài)下），使用高速環(huán)繞交換數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)可達(dá)到 ；大概范圍是 2400bps 到 64000bps。 當(dāng)系統(tǒng)操作生理信號(hào)模塊時(shí)（如圖 6 所示），對(duì)重要生理信號(hào)的傳輸方法有兩種，連續(xù)傳輸、儲(chǔ)存和轉(zhuǎn)送傳輸?shù)姆椒?。專家們就可把它作為一個(gè)處理終端。 遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療單元的控制是完全自動(dòng)化的。而研究主要以遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療項(xiàng)目所經(jīng)歷的過(guò)程為基礎(chǔ)，像救護(hù)車和急救 112，它們使用遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療功能性裝置的功能原型已經(jīng)建立了，且通過(guò)了初步評(píng)估。該系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用很廣泛 (每次只須稍作改變），可滿足現(xiàn)代衛(wèi)生保健的發(fā)展需求。 我們可以看看過(guò)去的車輛事故統(tǒng)計(jì)：在 1997 年，美國(guó)報(bào)道的 6753500 事故中有42020 人喪身， 2182660 個(gè)司機(jī)， 1125890 個(gè)乘客受傷；歐洲同樣時(shí)期有 50000 個(gè)人因撞車而喪身，而 50 萬(wàn)人嚴(yán)重受傷；另外 1997 年，在希臘一個(gè)國(guó)家有高達(dá) 1/3 的人是因撞車而死， 2500 個(gè)致命傷害中 ﹪受傷時(shí)遠(yuǎn)離有能力的衛(wèi)生保健機(jī)構(gòu)，所以耗費(fèi) 了很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間。所以，遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療的目的是為了給人手不足的偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)提供專家級(jí)的衛(wèi)生保健，通過(guò)現(xiàn)代化通信和信息知識(shí)提供先進(jìn)的緊 急醫(yī)療措施。為了滿足上述不同領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展需求，我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)兼具實(shí)時(shí)、儲(chǔ)存和轉(zhuǎn)送功能的設(shè)備，該設(shè)備由一個(gè)基本單 元和一個(gè)遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療單元組成。而傳輸工作可通過(guò) GSM 移動(dòng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)、衛(wèi)星連接系統(tǒng)或那些較清晰的舊式電話系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行。 實(shí)時(shí)又專業(yè)化的醫(yī)學(xué)治療可以很大地提高人手不足的鄉(xiāng)村、偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的衛(wèi)生保健服務(wù)。療養(yǎng)監(jiān)測(cè)也可解決病人突發(fā)情況，重點(diǎn)就在于醫(yī)院對(duì)重點(diǎn)護(hù)理組的病人進(jìn)行持續(xù)的監(jiān)控，同時(shí)把監(jiān)控信息隨時(shí)隨地傳給能夠勝任的醫(yī)生。這些在系統(tǒng)總體技術(shù)描述中將作詳細(xì)說(shuō)明。兩個(gè)場(chǎng)所間的信息流（分層描述）如圖二所示。盡管基本單元幾乎控制了系統(tǒng)的所有操作，遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療單元用戶仍需掌握一部分操作指令，這樣當(dāng)系統(tǒng)處于偏遠(yuǎn)衛(wèi)生所或輪船上時(shí)，兩個(gè)地方的人就可對(duì)話了。只要基本單元連接到醫(yī)院局域網(wǎng)，用戶可選擇連接到任何一個(gè)遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療單元，如圖五所示基本單元的入網(wǎng)用戶可以選擇連接到任何一個(gè)遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療單元，入網(wǎng)單元可以是重點(diǎn)護(hù)理組的遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療單元或通過(guò)電話 線上網(wǎng)的遠(yuǎn)距離移動(dòng)用戶單元。 c) 技術(shù)約束 — 可行性 生理信號(hào)傳輸 不僅是生理信號(hào)，監(jiān)測(cè)的信息像警鈴或監(jiān)測(cè)到的狀況也需從遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療端傳輸?shù)交径? ， ECG 波形和 SPO2 或 CO2 波形（若可獲得）是連續(xù)的傳輸信號(hào)。 POTS 可以達(dá)到的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率是 56000bps，所以它能夠支持連續(xù)而又快速的信息傳輸（如表二所示）。在傳輸少量數(shù)據(jù)的情況下，這加額外增加大量數(shù)據(jù)（例如，當(dāng)傳輸 10 字節(jié)時(shí)，網(wǎng)絡(luò)將自動(dòng)增加至 65 字節(jié)）。我們對(duì)要選擇的數(shù)據(jù)塊大小的要求是：不給傳輸數(shù)據(jù)加過(guò)長(zhǎng)的報(bào)頭，不會(huì)引起數(shù)據(jù)傳輸?shù)姆謮K，不會(huì)給信號(hào) 的傳輸引起很大的時(shí)延。s site, enhances intensive health care provision by giving a mobile base unit to the ICU doctor while the telemedicine unit remains at the ICU patient site and enables home telemonitoring, by installing the telemedicine unit at the patient39。s condition at a 24hour basis and provide vital consulting even if he39。s site called Base Unit. The Doctor might be using the system either in an Emergency case or when monitoring a patient from a remote place. The design and implementation of the system was based on a detailed user requirements analysis, as well as the corresponding system functional specifications. The study was mainly based on the experience of Telemedicine projects named AMBULANCE [22] and Emergency 112 [33] where functional prototypes of a device with emergency Telemedicine functionalities was built and extensively evaluated. Through these project we had phased the need to implement a telemedicine device, which would facilitate a flexible architecture and could be used in several emergency or monitoring cases that have simiral needs o