【正文】 0490. [6]周明國(guó) .殺菌劑在果菜上的使用現(xiàn)狀和存在問題 [J].中國(guó)蔬菜， 2021(1):4950. [7]如何避免和減輕作物藥害 [J].現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè) ,2021,8:20. [8]陸銳健，周 明 國(guó)，葉中音 .水稻惡苗病菌對(duì)苯并咪唑類殺菌劑抗藥性分子機(jī)理研究初探 [D].英國(guó)布里斯托大學(xué) Long Ashton 研究站， 1997 年 . [9]袁善奎，周明國(guó)，植物病原菌抗藥性遺傳研究 [J].植物病理學(xué)報(bào)， 2021,34(3):289295. [10]周明國(guó) ,殺菌劑的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及 21 世紀(jì)展望 [J].安徽農(nóng)業(yè)， 1999,3:1011. 謝辭 此次論文的撰寫，從制定實(shí)驗(yàn)計(jì)劃到論文的定稿，每一步都是在楊士杰老師的悉心指導(dǎo)下，與楊付龍和杜志鵬同學(xué)的相互協(xié)作，相互配合，相互幫助下完成的。 2 殺菌 劑的分類 已知的殺真菌劑的種類繁多，大體可分為兩大類：接觸性殺菌劑，如銅（ Cu）、硫（ S）等有預(yù)防真菌孢子萌發(fā)的菌絲在植物組織內(nèi)成長(zhǎng)和發(fā)展的殺菌劑（尤斯特和 gostincar， 1999）。根據(jù)細(xì)菌在哪里攻擊，殺菌劑可以作用于細(xì)胞壁，細(xì)胞膜，原生質(zhì)體，其線粒體，核糖體，或核等。 4 殺菌劑的藥害 除此之外，還存在殺菌劑其目標(biāo)應(yīng)是具體的簡(jiǎn)單的 想法（一種殺菌劑應(yīng)對(duì)應(yīng)一種有毒的真菌，昆蟲的殺蟲劑，等），只有少數(shù)文章已經(jīng)發(fā)表對(duì)不同的化學(xué)產(chǎn)品是否改變或抑制生理機(jī)制或植物metabolical 活性的問題。因此，馬克等人。對(duì)照組不應(yīng)用多菌靈。這些數(shù)據(jù)清楚地表明，這種殺菌劑，應(yīng)用過量，會(huì)導(dǎo)致煙草植物的中毒。 Gostincar, 1999). Benzimidazoles are a group of anic fungicides with systemic action that are extensively used in agriculture. These types of pounds control a broad range of fungi at relatively low application rates (Delp, 1987). In addition, it has been demonstrated that these pounds can have beneficial effects on the physiology of the plant. For example, benomyl (carbamate of methylNbutylcarbamylbenzimidazole), one of the most effective and extensively used benzimidazoles, has a cytokinin activity in soy and radish (Skene, 1972). Carbendazim (benzimidazole 2il methyl carbamate), with properties similar to those of benomyl and of which it is an active metabolite, delays senescence in wheat (Triticum aestivum L。 Jones etal., 1991). In this respect, Molina et al. (1998) demonstrated that in Arabidopsis the innatedefense mechanism of the plant contributes to the effectiveness of various fungicides. D. PHYTOTOXICITY Apart from the simple idea that a biocide should be specific in its target (a fungicide should be toxic for a fungus, an insecticide for an insect, etc.), only a few articles have been publishedon the issue of whether different chemical products alter or inhibit the physiological or metabolical activity of plants. In this sense, Bader and AbdelBasset (1999) showed for the first time that fungicides of the triforin type (saprol) strongly inhibit electrontransport reactions of , though effective fungicides, can bee phytotoxic, stunting plant growth and causing visible damage to seedlings (Marc et al., 1996). Some products, such asbenlate DF (benomyl), depress photosynthesis (Marc et al., 1996). Finally, carbendazim does not inhibit photosynthesis but does lower the levels of foliar calcium (Ca), promoting chlorosis in Petunia (Marc et al., 1996). In some cases the cause of the phytotoxicity of the fimgicide proved to be related to certain products resulting from the breakdown of the fungicide itself after peration of the host cell and integration into the cell metabolism. Thus Marc et al.(1997) demonstrated that dybutylurea, a product of the breakdown ofbenomyl, can be particularly responsible for the phytotoxicity of the fungicide benlate DF. Other ingredients of the degradation of benlate also contribute to the phytotoxicity of the fungicide (Marc et al., 1997). To understand the effects of fungicides on the physiology of plants, Garcia et al. (2021) analyzed the manner in which the different concentrations of a fungicide affect biomass production,the content of pigments, and the levels of nutrients by foliar application in tobacco plants. The fungicide used in this experiment was carbendazim (carb) because it is one of the most extensively used fungicides in southeastern Spain, a zone with intensive agriculture, and 宜春學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文 because it is a broadspectrum preventive fungicide, applied to a large number of crops (Tomlin,1994). The fungicide was applied at 100% purity and at three different concentrations: mM(carb 1), mM (carb 2), and mM (carb 3). The control treatment consisted of not applying carbendazim. Taking into account all of the parameters analyzed in this experiment, these researchers found that, in relation to control, the different treatments with carbendazim caused generally similar effects. The application of the dosage lower than remended ( raM)resulted in greater dry weight as well as in greater nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) concentrations than in control. This reflects the beneficial effect that the foliar application ofcarbendazim can exert on the accumulation of these essential nutrients, as well as on the growth and development of tobacco plants. The application of the remended dosage of carbendazim () slightly reduced values, with respect to the lesser dosage, for the dry weight, nutritional levels, all foliar pigments, P, Ca, and magnesium (Mg). These results reflect a harmful, though not severe, effect of carbendazim on the nutritional staus, pigment biosynthesis, and biomass. Therefore, the results, in revealing slight phytotoxicity, only partially support the remendation of the use of this product. Finally, these authors found that the application of the dosage heavier than remended ( mM) significantly reduced dry weight, all foliar pigments, and nutrients with respect to the other dosages and control. These data clearly show that this fungicide, applied in excess, is toxic for healthy tobacco plants. Additionally, symptoms of necrosis were found in old leaves after the application of increasing dosages of the fungicide. In short, the experimental results imply that the negative effects of carbendazim can be avoided by lowering the levels normally applied in agriculture. Nevertheless, the possibility remains that this reduction in the application rate will result in lower effectiveness against pathogens, although this problem requires further