【正文】 UlissWeltz(1990) initiated a study among the Japanese learners of English as a second language concering the making of refusals. The difference detected was apparent in that Japanese ESL learners conceptualized the 湖南涉外經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計） III necessity of the status difference in interactions, while the Americans denied the existence of such differences even if such differences indeed existed. Bergman amp。 interlanguage perception and production in the target language. And the influence is positive or negative. Pragmatic transfer can occur at both pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic levels. The former hass been less documented than latter. However, although the literature abounds in evidence for pragmatic transfer, little has yet been done to investigate more closely the conditions under which pragmatic transfer is or is not operative (Kasper amp。, is equally suitable to broadly separate two main loci of pragmatic transfer (1992:20xx). To Kasper(1992), a pragmalinguistic transfer is the influence of the learner39。 Kasper defined pragmatic knowledge as a particular ponent of language users39。s the failure of munication. Such mismunication is a retrospective recognition which one person39。言語學(xué)習(xí)的跨語言、跨文化研究不斷的揭示出學(xué)生從母語到目標(biāo)語的負(fù)遷移現(xiàn)象，對學(xué)習(xí)者起阻礙作用。 negative transfer from native language to target language, which impedes leaners39。 negative pragmatic transfer。 關(guān)鍵詞 ： 跨文化交際；語用遷移；語用負(fù)遷移；對策 湖南涉外經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計） III Contents Abstract ............................................................................................... I 摘 要 ................................................................................................ II Introduction ....................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 Literature Review.............................................................. 3 Pragmatic Transfer ....................................................................... 3 Definition of Pragmatics ............................................................ 3 Definition of Pragmatic Transfer .................................................. 4 Intercultural Communication ............................................................ 5 Definition of Intercultural Communication ..................................... 5 Pragmatic Transfer and Intercultural Communication........................ 6 Review of Studies on Negative Pragmatic Transfer ................................ 7 Chapter 2 Manifestations of Negative Pragmatic Transfer in Intercultural Communication ..........................................................10 Language Aspects .........................................................................10 Lexical Transfer......................................................................10 Syntactic Transfer ...................................................................13 Negative Transfer in Discourse and Texts......................................16 Social Aspects .............................................................................18 Negative Transfer in Values .......................................................18 Negative Transfer in Social Contact Custom ..................................19 Negative Transfer in Thought Patterns..........................................20 Chapter 3 Strategies to Reduce Negative Pragmatic Transfer ........22 To Enforce Teachers39。 understanding of negative transfer, to encourage learners to think in native ways and to pare the difference between the Chinese and Western culture. It is hoped that the analysis of negative pragmatic transfer in this thesis will be extremely useful in effectively breaking cultural barriers and for enhancing mutual understanding between China and the Western countries. Organization of the Thesis There are five parts in this thesis: Introduction, Chapter One, Chapter Two, Chapter Three and Conclusion. In the introduction, the author sketches the whole thesis, which includes research background, research subject and significance and anization of the thesis. Chapter One reviews the negative pragmatic transfer study abroad and home, along with the definition of pragmatic transfer and intercultural munication. Chapter Two analyzes the major manifestations of negative pragmatic from language and social aspects. Chapter Three puts up some corresponding strategies to lessen negative transfer in the process of language learning and teaching. In the Conclusion, the author sums up her study and points out the limitations in the study. 湖南涉外經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計） III Chapter 1 Literature Review In this chapter, a brief statement of pragmatics, intercultural munication and negative transfer will be made. This hopefully provides theoretical background for analyzing pragmatic transfer in chapter two. Pragmatic Transfer To understand pragmatic transfer, it is necessary to understand pragmatics and negative transfer. Definition of Pragmatics As any other subjects, pragmatics should have its own definition. When the philosopher Charles Morris(1938: 6) first used the term pragmatics, it is just one of the three branches of semiotics(with the two other sister terms of syntacyics/syntax and semantics), being the study of the relation of signs to interpreters and it deals with the biotic aspects of semiosis,that is, with all the psycholigical, biological, and sociological phenomena which occur in functioning of signs(1938: 108).Of course this covers a much wider scope than the current linguistic pragmatics. For the present notion of pragmatics, it39。s dichotomy, Kasper saw it fit to introduce both terms to categorize the learners39。 covers the widest field, this term seems to be generally preferred now