【正文】 al groups. Now these people may live thousands of miles away or right next door to each other. In other words, intercultural munication prevails in the socalled global village. In recent years, the growth in foreign travel for business, study and pleasure, the expansion of international trade and migration of people seeking work in the multinational panies have naturally led to a conitant increase in contacts across national boundaries. When there are significant differences in background knowledge, even the same message may be interpreted differently by different individuals. This may cause trouble in any situation of contact between them. It39。s the failure of munication. Such mismunication is a retrospective recognition which one person39。s intentions have not been interpreted accurately by another participant. And most mismunication derives from pragmatic failures in intercultural munication and attracts much attention. There are a lot of foreign scholars who studied this aspect, such as Charles Morris(1938), Levinson(1983), Thomas(1983), Kasper G(1992), Driven, . amp。 Putz, M(1993), BlumKulka(1993), Samovar(1994), Chen Guoming amp。 Starasta (1998), and He Zhaoxiong (20xx). In China, monographs in this area at home are many like Culture and Communication (Hu Wenzhong 1994), The Research of Pragmatic in China(Shen Jiaxuan 1996), Intercultural Communication(Fei Yuxin 1997), Pragmatics (Hu Zhuanglin 1980), Discussion on Pragmatic Transfer (Pang Haolong 20xx), Language Transfer and Second Language Acquisition (Yu Liming 20xx), Pragmatic Transfer in Intercultural Language Communication(Zhang Bigang and Xia Hongzhong 20xx), Pragmatic Transfer in Intercultural Communication(Liu Jianhuai 20xx) and so on. Over all, these studies not only provide us with more insights into pragmatic transfer, but build up a fundamental basis for the future study on it. Research Subject and Significance 湖南涉外經(jīng)濟學院本科生畢業(yè)論文（設計） III Based on the previous studies, this thesis mainly explores the negative pragmatic transfer from the levels of lexis, syntax, text, values, politeness strategies, social contact customs and thought patterns from language and social aspects. Then, the author puts up some strategies, ., to enforce the teachers39。 and the learners39。 understanding of negative transfer, to encourage learners to think in native ways and to pare the difference between the Chinese and Western culture. It is hoped that the analysis of negative pragmatic transfer in this thesis will be extremely useful in effectively breaking cultural barriers and for enhancing mutual understanding between China and the Western countries. Organization of the Thesis There are five parts in this thesis: Introduction, Chapter One, Chapter Two, Chapter Three and Conclusion. In the introduction, the author sketches the whole thesis, which includes research background, research subject and significance and anization of the thesis. Chapter One reviews the negative pragmatic transfer study abroad and home, along with the definition of pragmatic transfer and intercultural munication. Chapter Two analyzes the major manifestations of negative pragmatic from language and social aspects. Chapter Three puts up some corresponding strategies to lessen negative transfer in the process of language learning and teaching. In the Conclusion, the author sums up her study and points out the limitations in the study. 湖南涉外經(jīng)濟學院本科生畢業(yè)論文（設計） III Chapter 1 Literature Review In this chapter, a brief statement of pragmatics, intercultural munication and negative transfer will be made. This hopefully provides theoretical background for analyzing pragmatic transfer in chapter two. Pragmatic Transfer To understand pragmatic transfer, it is necessary to understand pragmatics and negative transfer. Definition of Pragmatics As any other subjects, pragmatics should have its own definition. When the philosopher Charles Morris(1938: 6) first used the term pragmatics, it is just one of the three branches of semiotics(with the two other sister terms of syntacyics/syntax and semantics), being the study of the relation of signs to interpreters and it deals with the biotic aspects of semiosis,that is, with all the psycholigical, biological, and sociological phenomena which occur in functioning of signs(1938: 108).Of course this covers a much wider scope than the current linguistic pragmatics. For the present notion of pragmatics, it39。s a no easy task to provide a satisfsctory definition. According to Levinson(1983:627), it is not easy to give a final definition to pragmatics. He listed about ten possible definitions and gave his own ments. Here just several of them were chosen to have a general idea of what is pragmatics: Definition 1: Pragmatics is the study of those relations between language and context that are grammaticalized, or encoded in the structure of a language. Definition 2: Pragmatics is the study of all those aspects of meaning not captured in a sementic theory. Definition 3: Pragmatics is the study of the relations between language and context that are basic to an account of language understanding. Definition 4: Pragmatics is the study of the ability of language users to pair sentences with the context in which they would be appropriate. Definition 5: Pragmatics is the study of deixis (at least in part), implicature, 湖南涉外經(jīng)濟學院本科生畢業(yè)論文（設計） III presupposition, speech acts, and aspects of discourse structure. Though Levinson listed a series of possiblle definitions, he thought there was not a definition which was very satisfactory among them. Mey gave his definition of pragmatics as Pragmatics studies the use of language in human munication as determined by the conditions of society (1993:5). And Thomas presented a view of pragmatics