【正文】 t speak the sam e ki nd of Engli sh. Lok at this ki nd of exampl e: British Bety: Woul d you li ke to see m y fl at? Am erican Am y: Yes. I’d li ke to e up to your apartm ent. So why has Engl ish changed over tim e? Actual y al l languages change and devel op when cul tures meet and m uni cate wi th each other. At fi rst the Engli sh spoken i n England between about AD 450 and 1150 was very di fferent the Engli sh spoken today. It was based m ore on German than the Engli sh we speak at present. Then gradual y between about AD800 to 150, Engl ish becam e l ess li ke germ en because those who rul ed Engl and spoke fi rst Dani sh and l ater French. These new settl ers enri ched the Engl ish l anguage and especial ly its vocabul ary. So by the 160’s Shakespeare was abl e to m ake use of a wider vocabulary than ever before. In 1620 som e Bri ti sh setlers m oved to Am eri can. Later i n the 18th century som e Bri ti sh peopl e were taken to Australi a to. Engli sh began to be spoken in both countri es. Fi nal y by the 19th century the language was setled. At that tim e two bi g changes in Engl ish spel i ng hapened: fi rst Sam uel Johnson wrote hi s di cti onary and later Noah Webster wrote The Am erican Dicti onary of the Engli sh Language. The latter gave a separate i denti ty to Am eri can Engl ish spel ing. Engl ish now is also spoken as a forei gn or second language i n South Asi a. For example, India has a very l arge num ber of fluent Engli sh speakers because Britai n rul ed India from 1765 to 1947. during that time Engl ish becam e the l anguage for governm ent and educati on. Engli sh i s al so spoken i n Si ngapore and Mal aysia and countri es i n Africa such as South Africa. Today the num ber of peopl e l earni ng Engl i sh i n Chi na i s increasi ng rapi dl y. In fact, Chi na m ay have the largest number of Engli sh l earners. Wi l Chi nese Engl ish develop i ts own identi ty? O nl y time wil l tel . STAN DARD EN GLISH AN D DIALECTS What i s standard Engli sh? Is it spoken i n Britai n, the US, Canada, Australi a, Indi a and N ew Zealand? Beli eve i t or not, there i s no such thing as standard Engli sh. Many peopl e bel ieve the Engl ish spoken on TV and the radio i s standard Engli sh. Thi s is because i n the earl y days of radi o, those who reported the news were expected to speak excel l ent Engli sh. H owever, on TV and the radi o you wil l hear di fferences i n the way peopl e speak. When peopl e use words and expressi ons di ferent from the “standard l anguage”, it is cal ed a dial ect. Am erican English has many dial ects, especial y the Midwestern, southern, African Am eri can and Spani sh di al ects. Even i n som e parts of the USA, two people from neighbouring towns speak a li tle di ferentl y. Ameri can English has so many dialects because peopl e have e from al over the world. Geography also plays a part i n maki ng di al ects. Some people who eci al news bul letin,39。 it was the first tim e in a year and a half that I’d seen the night face to face…. …Sadl y…I am only able to look at nature through dirty curtains hanging before very dusty windows. it’s no pl easure l oking through these any l onger because nature i s one thing that real y m ust be experi enced. Your, Anne Fri day, 10 July 1942 When we arri ved at Pri nsengracht, we went qui ckl y upstairs and the hiding place. We cl osed the door behind us and we were al one. Margot had e faster on her bi cycl e and al ready waiti ng for us. Al l the rooms were ful of boxes. They lay on the floor and the beds. The li ttl e room was fi l ed wi th bedcl othes. We had to start cl eari ng up at once, if we wi shed to sl ep i n fortabl e beds that ni ght. Mumm y and Margot were not abl e to hel p. They were tired and lay down on their beds. But Daddy and I, the two “hel per” of the family, started at once. The whol e day we unpacked the boxes, fil ed the cupboards and ti di ed, until we were extremely tired. We di d sl eep i n clean beds that night. We hadn’t had any warm food to eat al l day, but we didn’t care. Mummy and Margot were too tired and worried to eat, and Dady and I were too busy. FRIENDSH IP IN H AWAII Every culture has its own ways to show friendship. On the islands of Hawaii, friendship is part of the “aloha spirit”. In the language of the H awai ans who fi rst setl ed the islands l ong ago, aloha had a very special meaning. That is “to be with happines”. H awai i ans bel ieve that once somebody l oves the l and, they are ready to l ove their peopl e or m uni ty. Thi s is the second m ost import sign of fri endshi p. It is cal led l okahi i n H awai an l anguage, whi ch m eans “onenes with al peopl e”. To enjoy the land you shoul d not be sel fish. The l and is for everyone who lives on it. Today m any di ferent peopl e cal l H awai thei r home. Indeed, H awai i s a pl ace where peopl e m ake one big m unity from m any sm al ler m unities. Each person gives kokua (hel p) to other peopl e so that al fel l stronger. It’s believed that the isl ands can be a paradi se when the peopl e l ive i n peace. People are tol d that their acti ons should be as gentle as the wi nd that bl ows from the sea. When probl em s happen, people are asked to solve them wi th understandi ng. So when peopl e of H awai tal k about ohana (fami ly), they are real y tal ki ng about al those who l ive on the i sl ands. Li vi ng i n peace, H awai i ans have developed a thi rd sign of fri endshi p. This personal friendship is shown by giving leis to one another. The lie, a string of flowers, is put over a friend’s neck. Then the fri end i s gi ven a ki s on chek. Vi si tors to the isl ands are also gi ven l ies. When they hear al oha, vi si tors begin to feel at home. Al oha al so means “goodbye”, so visitors wil l hear it again when they l eave. It can al so mean “our hearts singing together”. Perhaps this is how m ost visitors wil l remem b