【正文】 He shouted at me.[含有敵意 ] He shouted to me.[對(duì)著我大聲說(shuō)話，不是對(duì)著別人大聲說(shuō)話 ] (4)來(lái)源 /籍貫： from與 to 反意 Bill lent the book to me. I borrowed the book from Bill. He is from Jiangxi. 2)手段 /施動(dòng)者系列 (1)方式： in…manner。 B) out of和 for主要限于表達(dá)動(dòng)機(jī) 心里因素： out of gratitude/kindness C) for出現(xiàn)在相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)數(shù)量較小的詞組中： for fear/ love/ joy/ sorrow (2)目的 /目的地： for/to He’ll do anything for money. [in order to gain money] Everyone ran for shelter. [in order to reach shelter] A) for表示預(yù)定目的地時(shí)，與 run, start, head, leave, set out等動(dòng)詞連用。 Your papers are to be handed in by next week. [not later than] By the time we’d walked five miles, he was already exhausted. 對(duì)比： By that time he was already exhausted. Until then he was not exhausted. D) by短語(yǔ)不與持續(xù)動(dòng)詞連用 The troops remained there until /by* midnight. (7)表示時(shí)間的短語(yǔ)中，介詞的省略（略）。 by 表示終點(diǎn)，只和瞬間動(dòng)詞連用。 all through。 on Saturday afternoon。 on May the first。 at . 。 也用來(lái)表示遍及 There were crowds all along the route. They put flowers all around the country. with在下列詞組中也表示具有遍及的意義 The ground was covered with snow. The garden was buzzing with bees. surrounded with。 [已經(jīng)到達(dá)目的地的狀態(tài) ] The horse jumped over the fence. The horse are over the fence. 這些詞可以和副詞 already。 across和 through即表示方位，又和線、面、容積概念相結(jié)合 The village is past the bus stop./through the wood. up。 We walked up the hill and down the other side. 但在習(xí)慣用法中 , up和 down也用于指水平軸線 ,相當(dāng)于along沿著的意思 . I walked up and down the platform. She walked up/down the street. along表示“從一端向另一端 (from one end towards the other)”或“在一條與 … 平行的線上（ in a line parallel with）” We walked along the street, just looking at people. I took my dog for a walk along the river. along與 across在水平軸線上相對(duì)立 Be careful when you walk across a street. around表示定向路線有拐角或弧度 They ran around the corner. towards表示“朝向 … 方向”（ in the direction of）的“實(shí)際的”或“隱含的”兩種意義 We walked towards the old farmhouse. The windows faces towards the south. Is this the bus to Oxford? She glanced over her shoulder. He spoke into the microphone. (12)方位： beyond。 through。 among。 close to。 underneath。 …. at和 in都可以用在表示城鎮(zhèn)，村莊的名詞前，但是兩者的著眼點(diǎn)不同。 面積： in the world。 目的地 位置 Ann went to Oxford. Ann was at Oxford. Ann climbed onto the roof. Ann was on the roof. Ann jumped into the water. Ann was in the water. B) into和 onto常和表示移動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞 (walk, slide, swim)連用。 on behalf of Jim ~ on Jim’s behalf at the expense of Susan ~ at Susan’s expense Ⅴ .介詞的含義（重點(diǎn)） (1).空間關(guān)系的意義 My car is at the cottage. Our cottage is on the road . There is some ice on that road. There is a new roof on the cottage. There are only two beds in the cottage. (2)肯定位置和目的地 :at。 in exchange for。 on the matter of。 in parison with。 in place of。 ②在某些情況下，同一詞項(xiàng)既可以作介詞又可以 作連詞，如 after, as, before, since, until. ③ 如果是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，情況就比較復(fù)雜，因?yàn)樵谟⒄Z(yǔ) 中 ing分句可以用在介詞的后面。 On arriving she took a taxi. ④ 思考下列三個(gè)詞是什么詞性： when, after, by? She looked up the hill. (1) She walked across the street. (2) She looked up the word. (3) She walked across. (4) ① 在下列句子中，介詞和副詞的區(qū)別并不明顯： He is near to being mad. This seems next to impossible. Close to 200 people came. She is far from being weak. ② 簡(jiǎn)單介詞 near和復(fù)雜介詞 near to和 close to： near to和 close to與形容詞有同源關(guān)系，他們是僅有的 既有比較級(jí)又可加強(qiáng)調(diào)成分的介詞： She sat very near to quite close to much nearer to me. much closer to next to closest to ③ She is about forty. She is (about) forty. She is about roughly forty. approximately (1)Has the room been paid for? He was not paid attention to. He’s impossible to work with. He’s worth listening to. (2)Wh 分句和關(guān)系分句（定語(yǔ)從句） At which house did you leave the car? Which house did you leave the car at? Where did you leave the car?（通常情況） The old house about which I was telling you is