【正文】 t Finish on TimeCan39。? understand the relationship between culture, language and rhetoric。高語(yǔ)境文化對(duì)周圍的事物和環(huán)境更加敏感，不通過(guò)語(yǔ)言也能傳達(dá)他們的感情。 moral grave。 Secretarial work has expanded since 1960 and despite record unemployment there are still not enough skilled secretaries in Manchester to cope with projected office needs. 216。檢查概要中確切字?jǐn)?shù)、拼寫、語(yǔ)法和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)。在做摘要的時(shí)候，必須包括要點(diǎn)。w Reread the original work。How can you protect yourself from the danger of lightning? For one thing, when you are at home, keep away from the stove, fireplace, and windows. For another, don’t take a bath or a shower during a storm, as water carries electricity easily. Third, if you are outdoors, get into a building or car, if possible. Fourth, stay off hilltop and away from any tree or tower that stands by itself. Fifth, if you can’t get away quickly from a beach, a field, or other open place, lie down until the storm moves away. w 例文的主要內(nèi)容是告訴人們?nèi)绾尾拍鼙苊馐茏匀滑F(xiàn)象雷電的打擊，該段的主題句是：“How can you protect yourself from the danger of lightening？”。 It reproduces the theme of the original with as few words as possible. 216。w The summary omits introductory matter, details, examples, illustrations—everything except the major ideas and facts.Classification of Summariesw Descriptive Summary 描述型概要w Informative Summary 信息型概要w Evaluative Summary 評(píng)價(jià)型概要Descriptive Summary 描述型概要w A descriptive summary is often referred to as a descriptive abstract.w In the descriptive summary, you inject no personal feelings or thoughts, presenting the main points of the material objectively.w See Sample61, 62, 63, 64Informative Summary 信息型概要w The informative summary tells what is in the work in a paragraph to several pages, depending on the length of the original. w Present the main points of the material objectively. w The original work is condensed in two ways: the material is briefly rephrased or nonessential matter is cut out. w See Sample 65Evaluative Summary 評(píng)價(jià)型概要w A summary may ment on accuracy, pleteness, and usefulness of a piece of writing. w Include your own reactions, your thoughts and feelings, along with a report on the main facts in the material. w It has no specific length. Generally the summary is no longer than 10 percent of the original. w See Sample 66What kind of summary is it?Computer Crime The author addresses the criminology of puter crime—why puters are chosen as targets for criminal purposes and how to secure them against such unlawful uses. The strengths and weaknesses of existing prosecutorial and investigatory machinery are explored. Federal and state laws governing puter crime reanalyzed. The evidentiary problems in prosecuting and convicting puter criminals and current cases are examined.Key: It is a descriptive summary (Summary of a Book Review). Communicative Purposes of Summaries w The purposes of summaries is to inform, to present, the principal facts and conclusions given in the original work. w Giving summaries is part of the work in the business munity, such as reports, articles, speeches, or discussions being condensed for a superior too busy to read or hear the original. w 概要的交際目的是讓讀者盡快了解文章的主要內(nèi)容。 Techniques for Taking NotesThe Cornell Method Page Layout of the Outline Method Extrasensory perception(超感官知覺(jué)） 1. definition: means of perceiving 2. three kinds:w a. telepathy: sending messagesw b. clairvoyance: forecasting the futurew c. psychokinesis: perceiving events w external to situationw 3. current statusw a. no current research to support or w refutew b. few psychologists say impossiblew Time People Affair Consequence w ◎ Before the Burglary Watergate w ◎ summer of 1972 Nixon in Watergate political scandalw Mel didn39。d better know the metal and its attributes. l Compare your results to similar investigations. Was it avoidable? Was it a result of equipment? Worse yet, each professor wants something a little different.l understand the principles for writing laboratory reports。l understand the language features of laboratory reports。人們通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)、觀察、分析、綜合、判斷，如實(shí)地將實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程和結(jié)果記錄下來(lái)，經(jīng)過(guò)整理而寫成書面報(bào)告。 The purpose of this experiment was to identify the specific element in a metal powder sample by determining its crystal structure and atomic radius. l Quick Introduction Reference l Must Have: 1. Purpose of the experiment 2. Important background and/or theory l May include: 1. Description of specialized equipment 2. Justification of experiment39。 Usually you will have discussed these in the introduction. In this section move from the results to the theory. How well has the theory been illustrated?When reading or listening, your mind may tend to wander off. A summary is a brief restatement of the essential thought of a longer position.216。216。 嚴(yán)格遵守篇幅的限制，通常為原文篇幅的1/3或1/4。w Find headings for the different paragraphs。在這樣做的時(shí)候，1）必要的（essential）。 One method of conducting a market survey is known as “direct mail shot”. In other words, it is sending your pany’s advertisements or product information directly to the customer’s residence.w Essential: First sentence (實(shí)質(zhì)信息：第一句)w Inessential: Second sentence (非實(shí)質(zhì)信息：第二句)Summary Writing6．修改初稿。 New technology have produced more information to be dealt with. 216。 poems witty。? 東方語(yǔ)言中段落的發(fā)展是繞著主題團(tuán)團(tuán)轉(zhuǎn),而不直接從主題入手展開討論,語(yǔ)篇的主題往往采用迂回的方式來(lái)加以闡述與發(fā)展,文中夾雜著似乎與主題沒(méi)有直接聯(lián)系的內(nèi)容,段落組織呈螺旋型You are very beautifulNo, no. / Where, where. “哪里哪里”是中國(guó)人的謙虛之詞，但是應(yīng)該說(shuō)thank you.? Kaplan認(rèn)為來(lái)自不同文化背景的學(xué)生，使用的書面話語(yǔ)模式不同，這種不同不是語(yǔ)法等表面上的差異，而是指作者在論證命題、連句成段方面的差異.? 由此Kaplan認(rèn)為學(xué)生的母語(yǔ)修辭或思維模式對(duì)其第二語(yǔ)言寫作具有負(fù)面效應(yīng)，正是學(xué)生的母語(yǔ)文化影響了學(xué)生目的語(yǔ)的寫作質(zhì)量.? 他指出中國(guó)學(xué)生在英文寫作中喜歡用間接方法就是受到古漢語(yǔ)八股文的影響。Numbers? 按美國(guó)習(xí)慣, 最為通用日期的寫法，月、日、年，月份用英文，日和年用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字。v Which supplier should we contract? v Should we introduce a new