【正文】 2. had only five years of formal schooling, but through private reading he became well educated。 corruption 。 but Hester?s sympathy and help to her villagers changes it to “Able” and “Angel”. Herman Melville American Novelist amp。 Ralph Waldo Emerson, the leading New England Transcendentalist, had a sense of optimism about man and his doctrine, “the infinitude of the private man”, meant the possibilities for man to develop and improve himself are infinite. But Hawthorne and Melville were against New England Transcendentalist optimistic view of man and life. They represented a position of tragic humanism in their time. They were aware of the evil at the core of American life. Nathaniel Hawthorne American Novelist (18041864) His life: born in Salem, Massachusetts。 2. “the Manifesto of American Transcendentalism”3. It placed emphasis on spirit and thought, and nature was the symbol of . It stressed the importance of the individual. “The American Scholar ” 《美國學者》 1. a famous speech given by Emerson at Harvard。 (2). majestic landscape descriptions。 physical appearance (Crane in paragraph 8, Brom Bones in paragraph 26).(2). Constructed from German tales but set in America, it is a classic tale of the conflict between city and country. Such a theme has two interpretations: either the city is seen as beautiful, civilized, rich, clean and safe, and the country is ugly, dirty and dangerous, or else the city is dirty and dangerous, populated by people who tricked the kind, gentle people from the beautiful country. This tale is about the latter one. (3). The story demonstrates the two qualities for which Irving is best known: his humor, and his ability to create vivid descriptions. The Legend has gained a reputation as a ghost story over the years, but Irving shaped it as a ic tale with his humor. 6. The features of Irving’s writings: Page 47 in Chang’s book 7. Irving’s contribution to American literature: Page 45 in Chang’s book James Fenimore Cooper (17891851) 1. His importance: (1) Washington Irving adapted the European legends, culture and history to make the settings American. Cooper took the process a step farther. He created American settings and new American characters and themes. (2) one of the first authors to write about the American Westward movement。 grew up as the youngest of 11 children。s Almanac was published yearly from 1733 to 1758 under the pen name Richard Saunders. It was a guide to both weather forecasts and wise maxims. The almanac was a best seller for a pamphlet published in the American colonies, and it sold as many as 10,000 issues a year. There are many interesting and helpful sayings in it. “Lost time is never found again.” “A penny saved is a penny earned.” “God help them that help themselves.” 5 “Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.” Thomas Paine (17371809) The political pamphlet: The passion of Revolutionary literature is found in pamphlets, the most popular form of political literature of the day. Many pamphlets were published during the Revolution. American soldiers read them aloud in their camps。 perform without fail what you resolve. Frugality: Make no expense but to do good to others or yourself。s great Enlightenment writers—Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine, and Thomas Jefferson—also played major roles in the American Revolution. Ⅴ . The 18thcentury Literature: 1. Jonathan Edwards (17031758) The Freedom of the will (1754) The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended (1758) 2. Benjamin Franklin (17061790) Autobiography Poor Richard39。 《新編美國文學史》劉海平，王守仁，上海外語教育出版社， 2020 年第 1 版 。 Assessment: 1. Class Attendance (15%) 2. Class Participation (5%) 3. Homework (20%): Time due: June 16 4. Final Exam (60%) Introduction to Literature 1. fiction: setting, character, point of view, plot, theme, language and style novel novelette short story 2. drama: dialogue, character, plot, theme edy: play that aims to amuse and that ends happily tragedy: play with a sad ending tragiedy: type of play with both tragic and ic elements 3. poetry: meter, rhythm, rhyme, figures of speech, structure, theme : tell stories and describe actions ① : a long narrative poem about the deeds of one or more great national heroes, or a nation?s past history。s Almanac 3. Hector St. John de Cr232。 ., waste nothing. Industry: Lose no time。 British Loyalists threw them into fires because they are threatened by them. Since Thomas Paine39。 had a love for books at a young age. His favorite books were adventure stories: Robinson Crusoe. Irving would always make his parents worry when he went looking for adventure himself, he would travel around the city constantly getting into danger or trouble. 2. His importance: 1. Father of American literature 2. Father of American short stories 3. The first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame 3. Masterpiece: The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon (18191820) 《見聞札記》 : a collection of short stories The two most famous tales in this collection are as follows: ?“Rip Van Winkle” 《里普 ●凡 ●溫克爾》 ?“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” 《睡谷的傳說》 4. Rip Van Winkle 《里普 ●凡 ●溫克爾》 (1) The central character: Rip Van Winkle, a simple, goodnatured and henpecked man Plot Summary: Page 48 on Chang’s book Analysis of this story: Page 4849 on Chang’s book 5. The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 《睡谷的傳說》 Plot Summary This story takes place in the Dutch settlement of Tarry Town, New York. It is about a vain and cowardly school teacher (Ichabod Crane), who falls in love with the beautiful eighteenyearold Katrina VanTassel, the daughter of a farmer. Katrina has but another suitorthe strong, handsome Brom Bones, w