【正文】 then gradually the activation is channeled. Thus begins concentration, the holding of consistent images. One meaning of intelligence is the way in which these images and other alertly searched information are used in the context of previous experience. Consciousness links past attention to the present and permits the integration of details with perceived ends and purposes.The elements of intelligence and consciousness e together marvelously to produce different styles in predator and prey. Herbivores and carnivores develop different kinds of attention related to escaping or chasing. Although in both kinds of animal, arousal stimulates the production of adrenaline and norepinephrine by the adrenal glands, the effect in herbivores is primarily fear, whereas in carnivores the effect is primarily aggression. For both, arousal attunes the animal to what is ahead. Perhaps it does not experience forethought as we know it, but the animal does experience something like it. The predator is searchingly aggressive, innerdirected, tuned by the nervous system and the adrenal hormones, but aware in a sense closer to human consciousness than, say, a hungry lizard’s instinctive snap at a passing beetle. Using past events as a framework, the large mammal predator is working out a relationship between movement and food, sensitive to possibilities in cold trails and distant sounds—and yesterday’s unforgotten lessons. The herbivore prey is of a different mind. Its mood of wariness rather than searching and its attitude of general expectancy instead of anticipating are silkthin veils of tranquility over an explosive endocrine system.17. The author is primarily concerned with(A) disproving the view that herbivores are less intelligent than carnivores(B) describing a relationship between animals’ intelligence and their ecological roles(C) establishing a direct link between early large mammals and their modern counterparts(D) analyzing the ecological basis for the dominance of some carnivores over other carnivores（B）(E) demonstrating the importance of hormones in mental activity18. The author refers to a hungry lizard (line 55) primarily in order to(A) demonstrate the similarity between the hunting methods of mammals and those of nonmammals(B) broaden the application of his argument by including an insectivore as an example(C) make a distinction between higher and lower levels of consciousness(D) provide an additional illustration of the brutality characteristic of predators（C）(E) offer an objection to suggestions that all animals lack consciousness19. It can be inferred from the passage that in animals less intelligent than the mammals discussed in the passage(A) past experience is less helpful in ensuring survival(B) attention is more highly focused(C) muscular coordination is less highly developed(D) there is less need for petition among species（A）(E) environment is more important in establishing the proper ratio of prey to predator20. The sensitivity described in lines 5661 is most clearly an example of(A) “freefloating awareness” (lines 1617)(B) “flooding of impulses in the brain stem” (lines 2930)(C) “the holding of consistent images” (lines 3132)(D) “integration of details with perceived ends and purposes” (lines 3738)（D）(E) “silkthin veils of tranquility” (line 64)21. The author’s attitude toward the mammals discussed in the passage is best described as(A) superior and condescending(B) lighthearted and jocular(C) apologetic and conciliatory(D) wistful and tender（E）(E) respectful and admiring22. The author provides information that would answer which of the following questions?I. Why is an aroused herbivore usually fearful?II. What are some of the degrees of attention in large mammals?III. What occurs when the stimulus that causes arousal of a mammal is removed?(A) I only(B) III only(C) I and II only(D) II and III only（C）(E) I, II and III23. According to the passage, improvement in brain function among early large mammals resulted primarily from which of the following?(A) Interplay of predator and prey(B) Persistence of freefloating awareness in animals of the grasslands(C) Gradual dominance of warmblooded mammals over coldblooded reptiles(D) Interaction of early large mammals with less intelligent species（A）(E) Improvement of the capacity for memory among herbivores and carnivores24. According to the passage, as the process of arousal in an organism continues, all of the following may occur EXCEPT:(A) the production of adrenaline(B) the production of norepinephrine(C) a heightening of sensitivity to stimuli(D) an increase in selectivity with respect to stimuli（E）(E) an expansion of the range of states mediated by the brain stemGRE No. 53SECTION A(The passage below is drawn from an article published in 1962.)Computer programmers often remark that puting machines, with a perfect lack of discrimination, will do any foolish thing they are told to do. The reason for this lies, of course, in the narrow fixation of the puting machine’s “intelligence” on the details of its own perceptions—its inability to be guided by any large context. In a psychological description of the puter intelligence, three related adjectives e to mind: singleminded, literalminded, and simpleminded. Recognizing this, we should at the same time recognize that this singlemindedness, literalmindedness, and simplemindedness also characterizes theoretical mathematics, though to a lesser extent.Since science tries to deal with reality, even the most precise sciences normally work with more or less imperfectly understood approximations toward which scientists must maintain an appropriate skepticism. Thus, for instance, it may e as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation (Schrodinger equation: [物]薛定諤方程) for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this a