【正文】 因此在翻譯習語時，除了要忠實地表達出原文的含義外，還應該盡可能地保留原文的豐富聯(lián)想、形象比喻以及地方色彩等。何西阿書 》 第 8章第 7節(jié)。 ”后喻 “ 災禍的預兆 ” 。如： ? His eleventhhour rise to power has been described as a miracle. ? 3） doubting Thomas語出 《 圣經(jīng) ? 6）、兩次大戰(zhàn)對英語習語的影響。（北歐神話：狗和狼象征風；貓象征雨） ? Six of one and half a dozen of the other.（ 12進制是丹麥人征服英國是帶進的，沿用至今。如： ? Do in Rome as the Romans do。習語是鏡子，反映一個民族的文化特色。一天傍晚，我在熨燙衣服的時候，忽然想到了他。蒼白的臉由于沖動而顯得愈加蒼白了。用毛巾擦汗，即使是防水的防曬霜也能被擦掉。這時，她張大眼睛，把達伐奇太太從上到下、仔仔細細地打量了一番。 ? 2）二十歲的時候，老媽打電話，不等說完三句就恨不能掛了電話。我喜歡隨著中年而來的自信心。黃昏時分，既悶熱，又潮濕，我坐下來，滿腦子翻騰起伏的問題，似乎找不到解決的辦法。 假如我的母親知道這件事情，她一定會氣得從棺材里面跳出來。 簡析 : 原文用委婉語 to be a guest of the law來代表觸犯法律，這種說法符合這位流浪漢的性格，他窮途末路，但為了自己的尊嚴，寧愿違法坐牢，也不愿去領救濟金。許先生的譯文，充分發(fā)揮譯語優(yōu)勢，運用對仗的手法，達到了異曲同工之效。 2） When I was as young as you are now, towering in confidence of twenty one, little did I suspect that I should be at fortynine, what I now am. 譯文 : 我在你這個年紀，二十出頭，小荷尖尖，意氣風發(fā)，哪里會想到49歲今天的我呢？ （毛榮貴 譯） 簡析 : 原文 “ towering in confidence ‖表示充滿自信，初露頭角。雙關修辭的美感得以再現(xiàn)，在一定程度上實現(xiàn)了 “ 形神兼?zhèn)?” 。 ? 在動詞前面切斷分譯 ? Then they went to the southern part of the island, but found it rocky and covered with bushes, || growing so thickly that it was not easy to push one’s way through. ? 7）于是他們來到這個島的南部，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)那里巖石遍布，灌木叢生。 9） Never have we seen so bright a future before us! 10) Happy is the man who is contented. 11) Here stood Napoleon. 6. Division (長句拆譯） ? Division means the necessary splitting of a long sentence into shorter ones. ? 請看例句： ? 在主謂連接處切斷分譯 ? His failure to observe the traffic regulations|| resulted in a serious accident. 1）由于他不遵守交通規(guī)則， || 結果導致了一起嚴重的交通事故 ? 在連接詞前面切斷分譯 ? The shark swung over|| and the old man saw his eye was not alive and then he swung over once again, wrapping himself in two loops of the rope. (The Old Man and the Sea) ? 鯊魚在海里翻滾過來。 3) 我寧愿有好學問，而不要錢財。 ? 3） The more he tried to hide his warts, the more he revealed them. ? 4） For two weeks, he had been studying the house, looking at its room, its electric wiring, its path and its garden. 3）他越是要掩蓋他的爛瘡疤，就越是會暴露。 ? 4）、三個臭皮匠，合成一個諸葛亮。 ? 形容詞處理 Any country, large or small, must be equal. ? 國家無論大小，一律平等。 ? English favors word formation； Chinese has no such function. .: More recently he introduced himself into the debate on welfare reform by insisting that unwed motherhood, not joblessness, was the key problem. ? 最近，由于堅持認為是未婚母親而不是失業(yè)才是問題癥結所在，他使自己卷入關于福利改革的爭論中去。而漢語則青睞動詞。十時，適十獅適市。 ： 臺城 江雨霏霏江草齊， 六朝如夢鳥空啼。 4) The best teaching is hesitant. Lecture One The Four High Tides in the Translation History of China ? The Buddhist translations during the Han and Tang dynasties. Dao An(道安 )。 3) 15% on the course materials. V. The characteristics of translation: 1) A translation is never finished, it is always slightly but significantly depend on the interpretant or different interpretants, or the same one at another point of time and mood. 2) SL and TL cultural backgrounds are essential subjects in a university translation course. 3) Principles and methods of translation is the core of any fulltime vocational translation program. 4) A poor translator will translate the words as though they were isolated, will swallow any idiom or metaphor whole, or will write the kind of nonsense that makes sense but that can’t be visualised in any setting. VI. The relationship between student and teacher: 1) It has to be interactive, not passive。（辛棄疾） Beyond the clouds seven or eight stars twinkle, Before the hills two or three raindrops sparkle. (許淵沖 譯） . 2： 人曾為僧；人弗能成佛， 女卑為婢；女又可成奴。（李白） Drawing sword, cut into water, water again flows。 Chinese is paratactic. . An Englishman who could not speak Chinese was once traveling in China. ? 一個英國人，不會說中國話，有一次在中國旅行。這病使她多么羨慕人家的健康， 見一葉飄零，隨風入室，便多愁善感。 5. 在電影院變成一片漆黑的一剎那間，聚光燈照在徐徐打開的帷幕上，常常在音樂的伴奏下，顯露出影片的片名。 ? 翻譯的一般步驟 : ? 理清句子主干 ? 詞性轉(zhuǎn)換隨便 ? 表達符合習慣 ? 再現(xiàn)原文重點 第六講 常用翻譯技術 (增詞 ) ? Amplification means supplying necessary words in our translation on the basis of an accurate prehension of the original. ? 請看譯例 : ? 1)、沒有調(diào)查就沒有發(fā)言權。 2. Omission （省略） ? It doesn39。 3)雖然 空氣 看不見，但我們周圍處處是空氣。 5. Inversion (詞序調(diào)整） ? Inversion means the necessary or even inevitable change of wordorder in a sentence according to the usage of the language to be translated into. 1) 我你他 2）衣食住 3）東南西北 4）男女老少 5）分清敵我 6）鋼鐵工業(yè) 7）回憶馬克思 8）救死扶傷 1） you, he and I 2) food, clothing and housing 3) north, south, east and west 4) men, women, young and old 5) Draw a clear distinction between ourselves and the enemy 6) The iron and steel industry 7) Reminiscences of Marx 8) Heal the wounded, rescue the dying. 9) 我們從來沒有看見過這樣光明的前途。 ? 在關系代詞前切斷分譯 ? This secretary was aware|| that final decisions must be held open for the general manager. ? 5）這位秘書心中明白， || 最終的拍板還得靠總經(jīng)理。 || 許多人固定在一段短時間內(nèi)用餐，而在正餐時間之外想吃東西的人，可供選擇的食物就很少。 二、 意象美 1） 為女民兵題照 颯爽英姿五尺槍，曙光初照演兵場。在翻譯中，譯者也用相應的語體再現(xiàn)，切近原文的風格，且對仗工整，也具有了別樣的美。 簡析 : 原文用委婉語 out of pocket來代替 poor, bankrupt等直露而羞于啟齒的詞，而且與 out of spirits兩相照應，對比成趣。 簡析： 比喻是語言的重要特性，比喻通過形象來完成，因而，在翻譯中形象能保留則保留。傾心呵護撫養(yǎng)成人的兒女到頭來可能不念養(yǎng)育之恩。 ? 一、以精確譯精確 ? 1） I like looking at children on the verge of some new event and knowing how they feel, I like looking at pregnant women and being able to share their mixed feeling. I like being familiar with things that once made me apprehensive. I like not being afraid to display my ignorance and ask for help. I like the confidence middle age brings. ? 初譯：我喜歡看著孩子們遇到新聞奇事時的反應