【正文】 s entire being. It bees an authentic element that makes the spirit glow radiantly like that of a saint. Have you ever seen an elderly person like that, one whose wisdom shows in his eyes, and whose love is evident as he gently enquires about your health, or offers a brief sentiment that calms and affirms? The spirit that shines from within this person is true beauty, and it can39。我們努力消除自己的任性，努力使自己更具同情心、更寬容。re ordinary, real, imperfect people. Together, we work hard stumbling through life, trying to be our best selves, knitting together families and friendships, and striving to illuminate the world with our personal ethics and aspirations.我生活中的人都不是屏幕上那種思想平庸、迷戀自我的“美貌人士”。事實上，這些方法還常常阻礙人們獲得幸福，因為它們會使人分心，不去關(guān)注那些能帶來真正內(nèi)在美的事物。re exempt from that predominant pressure.我是一名心理理療師。如果想到他有可能先于我離世，我會充滿恐懼。t match the criterion of love in movie fantasies. We laugh together, we share the struggles of daily life together, and the thought that he might die before I do fills me with dread. All the musclebound male models in the world couldn39。s a growth process, a transformation of self through awareness and learning. It39。而且，也許因為你的頭發(fā)和耳廓上粘著剃須膏，她會懷疑你根本沒有資格對任何人的外表給出主觀評價。ll know you39。而事實是，大多數(shù)男性認為美麗不僅僅來自于口紅和香水，而且他們也不會去注意這些額外的細節(jié)。re encouraged to reach out to other characteristics to promote their selfesteem. They might say to Brad: Oh yeah? Well, what do you know about lawn care, pretty boy?我并不是說男性優(yōu)于女性。辛迪要求這些中年婦女在臉上敷上黏土面膜和其他去皺產(chǎn)品；她還強調(diào)一定要遵守這些方法，例如：往臉上涂抹這些產(chǎn)品時，要用指尖，這樣可以保護皮膚的彈性。大多數(shù)男孩的玩具都樣貌古怪，例如那個叫作“蜜蜂俠”的玩偶，一半像人，一半像會飛的昆蟲。要她認為“我很漂亮”是一件難事。長相普通不會使他們有任何煩惱，因為普通就已經(jīng)是很好了。有些男性認為自己有不可抗拒的魅力，即使隨著年齡的增長，他們頭發(fā)掉光了，臉上布滿皺紋，他們?nèi)匀痪芙^改變這種看法。re a man, at some point a woman will ask you how she looks.如果你是一位男士，肯定在某個時候會有女士問你她看起來怎么樣。其作用機理最好的例證就是賭場老虎機。8 The availability bias is also related to errors in estimation, in that we tend to estimate what oute is more likely by how easily we can recount an example from memory. Since the retention and retrieval of memories is biased toward vivid, sensational, or emotionally charged examples, decisions based on them can often lead to strange, inaccurate conclusions.與估計失誤相關(guān)的還有“可得性偏差”，因為我們常常會憑借回憶某一例證的難易程度來推測哪種結(jié)果更可能出現(xiàn)。7 Similar to confirmation bias is the overconfidence bias. In an ideal world, we could be correct 100 percent of the time we were 100 percent sure about something, correct 80 percent of the time we were 80 percent sure about something, and so on. In reality, people39。這不僅導致我們心胸狹窄地對別人進行評價也會由于假定某種壞事只會發(fā)生在別人身上而致使我們做出錯誤的風險評判。只要知道這些偏差如何及在何種情況下發(fā)生，你就能意識到自身的缺陷，并在決策過程中考慮到這些因素的影響。ll put it in a way someone as brilliant as you can understand, retorted Polly, her voice dripping with sarcasm. Full disclosure — I like Rob in leather. I told him to say yes to you so he could have your jacket! “喔，這是什么假設(shè)??！為了讓像你這樣聰明的人能夠明白，我這么說吧，”波莉反駁道，聲音里充滿了諷刺，“事情的真相是——我喜歡羅伯穿皮衣?！?8 I leaped to my feet, my temper flaring up. Will you or will you not go out with me?我一下跳了起來，怒火中燒，“你到底愿不愿意做我的女朋友？”39 No to your proposition, she replied.“我不愿意，”她答道。請答應做我的女朋友，沒有你我什么也不是。可你不是蛋糕，你是個男孩。d learned her lessons well, far surpassing my expectations. Sweetheart, I said, patting her hand in a tolerant manner, five dates is plenty. After all, you don39?，F(xiàn)在應該是時候讓我們的關(guān)系從學術(shù)向浪漫發(fā)展了。t derail the discussion. The inference is wrong. Doctors aren39。s question. Instead he appealed to the boss39。我把她送回家，并且定下了下一次約會交談的日子。所以你應該說，運動對大多數(shù)人來說是有益的?！? Great, she agreed.“好啊，”她表示同意。我們呆在車子里，我調(diào)低了音響并把腳從剎車上挪開。t dye her hair strange colors or wear too much makeup. She had the right background to be the girlfriend of a dogged, brilliant lawyer. If I could show the elite law firms I applied to that I had a radiant, wellspoken counterpart by my side, I just might edge past the petition.但她漂亮而且富有，也沒有把頭發(fā)染成奇怪的顏色或是化很濃的妝。t stand the idea of being the only football player who didn39。那一年校園里每個人都有件皮夾克，而羅伯是校足球隊員中唯一一個沒有皮夾克的，他一想到這個就受不了，于是他和我達成了一項協(xié)議，用他的女友換取我的夾克。4 After a banner day out, I drove until we were situated under a big old oak tree on a hill off the expressway. What I had in mind was a little eccentric. I thought the venue with a perfect view of the luminous city would lighten the mood. We stayed in the car, and I turned down the stereo and took my foot off the brake pedal. What are we going to talk about? she asked.在一起外出度過了美好的一天之后，我驅(qū)車來到了高速公路旁一座小山上一棵古老的大橡樹下。s look at the fallacy Dicto Simpliciter.“邏輯學的原理，”我說道，“即清晰思考的主要原則。s too simple a generalization. If you have, say, heart disease or extreme obesity, exercise is bad, not good. Therefore, you must say exercise is good for most people.我看得出她沒弄明白?！?3 Really? said Polly, amazed. Nobody?“是嗎？”波莉吃驚地說。20 Yes, it39。舉個例子：學生考試時應該允許看課本，因為外科醫(yī)生在做手術(shù)時可以看X光片。”25 I still think it39?！?0 Hasty Generalization, said Polly brightly. Or as a normal person might say, that39。re not a cake. You39。34 Polly, I love you. Please say you39。“不過不要對它們太死板，我是說這都是些學術(shù)的東西。ll never know where his next meal is ing from. Can you give me one good reason why you should be with him?我極力地保持著平靜，說道：“你怎么會甩了我而選擇羅伯？看看我，一個聰明過人的學生，一個不同凡響的學者，一個前途無量的人。但是，研究人類決策過程的心理學家們卻發(fā)現(xiàn)了每個人身上都常見的“認知偏差”?！罢步鹚箒G掉了工作是因為他能力太差，我丟掉了工作則是因為經(jīng)濟衰退。這種偏差在兩種敵對觀點的對抗中會起到尤其重要的作用。更糟糕的是，即使人們意識到自己有過度自信的偏差，他們還是會高估自己的正確率。如果災難的發(fā)生率很低，比如飛機著陸過程中墜毀的可能性只有十萬分之一，那么飛往加那利群島就仍是安全的。而最明智的辦法則是，要充分認識沉沒成本謬誤導致的結(jié)果，離開糟糕的境況，不論之前已投入了多少。3 The problem is that men do not think of their looks in the same way women do. Most men form an opinion of themselves in seventh grade and stick to it for the rest of their lives. Some men think they39。t bleeding too badly, he feels he39。m beautiful. She magnifies the smallest imperfections in her body and imagines them as glaring flaws the whole world will notice and ridicule.女性可不是這樣看待自己的。女孩成長過程中擺弄的洋娃娃，如果按照身材比例還原為真人大小的話，就會是7英尺高，61英磅重，大腿纖細，上身豐滿。盡管如此，產(chǎn)值達幾十億美元的美容業(yè)，在超市化妝品銷售專區(qū)的配合下，總是在不停地攻擊著女性的自尊，使其相信自己只有購買最新的保濕面霜、古銅散粉，以及各種美容器具，才能“激發(fā)和恢復”肌膚活力。m just saying that you39。他們也許會對布拉德說：“是嗎？那么帥哥，你對草坪維護又知道多少？”9 Of course women argue that they bee obsessed with appearance as a reaction to pressure from men. The truth is that most men think beauty is more than just