【正文】 when several design principles have been applied, one must choose one of the resulting billofmaterials. The generic billofmaterials (GBOM) During a planning process, the billofmaterials is used in order to pute requirement of items given the demand of ?nal products. Here, a generic billofmaterials (GBOM) expresses the admissible ways to distribute the market needs into the designed elements. The GBOM is a directed tree, in which nodes refer to items and arc values refer to the necessary quantity of child item per parent item. To match the extension of a classical billofmaterials, the key idea is to add new notions of ‘‘logical item’’ versus ‘‘physical item’’ and ‘‘exclusive OR’’ node versus usual ‘‘AND’’node. (Requirement 2, Service Level 2/2)} that was not in Fig. 3. The design choices that remain ?nally are: Product family design。“子集”項已經(jīng)被添加。它來自于已采用的產(chǎn)品設計方法。 ?當幾個設計原則已被采用時，必須選擇一個最終的材料清單。他們描繪了功能性的幫助，并建議給客戶。市場領域 ms1 ， MS2 和ms3 整合成一個單一的市場領域 ms123，用模塊化的方法確定它。 市場細分及模組化設計混合策略 市場細分和模塊化設計策略可被混合，以達成過度設備成本、超額滿意成本和管理費用三者的平衡。 圖 4 描繪了有 2 條規(guī)定和 3 個服務水平的模組化策略的結(jié)果。 ?在為那些沒有過量滿足的市場領域設計的變量中選擇一個變 量。正如一些設計原則可以適用于相同的市場，一些可接受的變量從每一個市場領域來獲取。第一個步驟就是選擇設計原則。這就是說，它沒有必要制造一切可能的變量：只要選擇一個可以滿足各功能多樣性，并且全球最低成本（或最大利潤）的變量來制造。此外產(chǎn)品變量基于它的材料表分裂成各組件。 關鍵詞：供應鏈管理；產(chǎn)品系列設計；供應鏈設計；混合整數(shù)線性規(guī)劃 1 確定通用材料表 產(chǎn)品造型和設計多樣性 可以從不同的角度來考慮需求的多樣性：客戶或功能、產(chǎn)品或物質(zhì)、供應鏈或過程。第二步是在選擇供應鏈結(jié)構時候選擇一些變量。因此，客戶的多樣性來自于所有和多重要求相關的服務等級的聚合：集合 {（要求，服務水平） }確定市場的需求，而該產(chǎn)品系列必須涵蓋這些需求。但生產(chǎn)者的目的是以最低的成本，盡可能 接近這個需求服務等級來滿足需求。所以設計的挑戰(zhàn)是選擇一些這樣的變量和設計他們材料表。 市場細分設計策略 該市場細分策略基于一個確定的市場部分的列表，該列表一般由營銷部確定。因此為市場領域 ms2 設計的變量也能過滿足 ms1。這種模塊化原則效果在于：（一）設計標準平臺，使任何模塊化變量可組合 。但是，最后設計的選擇仍然是： ?為更高層服務水平設計的模塊是否過度滿足每個服務水平 。 這些方法可以經(jīng)常應用在不一樣的市場。 產(chǎn)品多樣性的后果：兩決定 材料表設計工藝的效果在于市場需求的樹行式分解（整個非黑體箭頭）。 此外，從功能性要求的服務水平的原來的秩序關系，市場領域和服務水平的秩序關系顯現(xiàn)了（粗體箭頭）。 ? “或”節(jié)點表 示在節(jié)點所有的子項中只能選一個，代表這個子項的存在。 ?權值通常是 1，除了它表達了母項需求的市場領域的比例。注意，“或”選擇對于客戶一般會隱藏起來，那樣就不會改變功能 的多樣性。 0 service level n). These service levels distinguish levels of plexity and cost in order to obtain the function. For example, the service levels of the function ‘‘car window lifter’’ can vary from ‘‘manual lifter’’ up to ‘‘electrical lifter with alarm and pinch protection’’. Consequently, the customer diversity es from the binatory gathering all the service levels relevant to the multiple requirements: the set{(requirement, service level)} de?nes the market needs that must be covered by the product family. From the product point of view, a product family is a set of physical product variants and is de?ned in order to ful?ll the market needs. A product variant ful?lls all of the requirements with a given speci?c service level. Moreover, a product variant is split up into ponents based on its billofmaterials. The physical diversity usually refers to the cardinal of this product family or to the cardinal of the set of we consider an order relation between the service levels of each requirement, a partial order relation also exists between the product variants within a product family: a Variant V1 is greater than a Variant V2, if,for each requirement, the service level of V1 is greater than the service level of V2. Now, let us consider a given customer demand de?ned by a set of service levels, one per functional requirement: demand = {(requirement, demanded service level)}. There may not exist in the product family a product that exactly matches the demanded service levels. But the interest of the producer remains to satisfy this demand at the lowest cost and thus as close as possible to the demanded service levels. Consequently, the demand will be ful?lled by the smallest variant (in the sense of the partial relation of order)that oversatis?es all the demanded service levels. Another consequence is that a product family must at least contain one variant that exactly matches all the functional requirements at the maximal service level so tha