政治經(jīng)濟學(xué)外文翻譯-免費閱讀
【正文】 我同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)溢出效應(yīng)的方向和程度在 某種 程度上與日本在美國的子公司的 性質(zhì)有關(guān)。第三，我沒有采用先前的做法，用 全要素生產(chǎn)率 可量化的變化或者其他的以收益為基礎(chǔ)的測量方法來推斷知識外溢效應(yīng)是否存在。 布蘭斯泰特 和納卡姆拉 檢驗了 1980 年和 1990 年日本制造公司在研究生產(chǎn)率方面的變化。一個明顯的替代方法是外商直接投資。 . subsidiaries in plausible ways. Knowledge spillovers received by the investing Japanese firms tend to be strongest via Ramp。 我們的調(diào)查結(jié)果并不是說明對外商所有權(quán)的限制是絕對必要的，因為這樣的限制會導(dǎo)致整體流入的減少以及另外產(chǎn)生一些沒有在我們的分析中說明的問題。如 阿特肯和哈瑞森（ 1999） 所說，這個現(xiàn)象可以歸因于當(dāng)?shù)厣a(chǎn)者被外國進入者搶去了一部分市場份額，以至于因為產(chǎn)量減少而使固定成本增加。結(jié)果顯示外商直接投資項目的所有權(quán)結(jié)構(gòu)與生產(chǎn)力溢出效應(yīng)相關(guān)。如果跨國公司獨自擁有子公司的所有權(quán)的話，這個問題就會大量的減少。司馬新斯卡加沃斯克和瑪瑞安娜因而，跨過公司更喜歡將成熟的技術(shù)和管理經(jīng)驗轉(zhuǎn)移到他們的獨資子公司而不是共同所有的子公司。 與我們的預(yù)期一致，分析結(jié)果說明國內(nèi)外共同所有的項目能夠?qū)ι嫌尾块T有正溢出效應(yīng) ，但是獨資企業(yè)沒有這樣的溢出效應(yīng)。這部經(jīng)驗主義作品說明在發(fā)展中國家負面競爭效應(yīng)超過了知識溢出的正效應(yīng)。有一些其它的政策可能潛在地促進跨國企業(yè) 驚醒當(dāng)?shù)夭少?，比如培養(yǎng)商業(yè)氛圍或開發(fā)供應(yīng)商發(fā)展項目會幫廚當(dāng)?shù)厣a(chǎn)者學(xué)會如何滿足外國買家的要求。D and product development facilities. On the other hand, spillovers from the investing Japanese firms to indigenous American inventors appear to flow most strongly through Japanese firms39。許多國家都有政策鼓勵甚至補貼跨國公司投資。作為研究的一部分，我們檢驗了研發(fā)聯(lián)盟和與美國的合資企業(yè)促進知識外溢國際流動的程度。 正如大家所知，生產(chǎn)力傳統(tǒng)的測量方法能夠反映 市場能力和技術(shù)效率。日本投資企業(yè)所得到的知識溢出通過研發(fā)和產(chǎn)品發(fā)展設(shè)施而變得更為顯著。預(yù)覽我的調(diào)查結(jié)果，我發(fā)現(xiàn)外國直接投資在兩個方向上都增強了知識流動的證據(jù)。第二，我根據(jù)子公司的性質(zhì)來看 外 III10 商直接投資 對知識外溢的影響 —— 我發(fā)現(xiàn)不同類型的子公司在外溢效應(yīng)上的不同，這 種不同與近期對跨國公司的理論研究一致。 在先前的研究中，我檢驗了與這篇論文重點有關(guān)的問題 。 貨物的流動不是技術(shù)知識跨國界流動的唯一方法。D spending of . firms and the patent output of Japanese corporations. As noted in that paper, these correlations are subject to confounding influences, raising doubts about the accuracy of such indirect inference. This paper examines the role FDI plays in mediating knowledge spillovers, but it takes a pletely different methodological approach. First, in contrast to many of the aforementioned papers, I measure the impact of FDI not only on knowledge spillovers from the investing Japanese firms to ―indigenous‖ American firms but also the impact of Japanese investment on knowledge spillovers from American firms to the investing Japanese Second, I allow the impact of FDI on knowledge spillovers to depend upon the nature of the subsidiary — and I find differences in the spilloverenhancing impact of different types of subsidiaries that are consistent with recent theoretical work on multinational firms. Third, I do not follow the earlier convention of using measured changes in TFP or other revenuebased measures to infer the presence or absence of knowledge spillovers. As is well known, conventional measures of productivity can reflect market power as well as technical When technologically more advanced foreign affiliates first enter a market, their presence may erode the market power of indigenous incumbents while – at the same time – introducing new III8 production techniques and technologies from which these same incumbents learn. Real knowledge spillovers can take place, yet their effects can be masked in the data by changes in appropriability conditions. Alternatively, robust demand growth in a sector of the host country could lead to higher profits, which generates higher measured TFP growth for domestic firms while, at the same time, inducing investment by foreign firms. This paper presents an alternative empirical framework for measuring the impact of foreign direct investment on knowledge spillovers using patent citations data. I then use
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