【正文】 advanced foreign petitors in global export The flow of goods is not the only means through which technological knowledge can flow across national boundaries. An obvious alternative is foreign direct investment. A number of countries have policies that encourage or even subsidize multinational investment. Often, as has been the case in Singapore and Malaysia, these policies are deliberately biased in favor of multinational firms in ―technology intensive‖ industries. Such preferences are based on the view that production and/or research activities undertaken by multinational affiliates within national borders confer ―spillover‖ benefits. In an effort to submit these views to careful statistical tests, a number of scholars have undertaken empirical studies of spillover benefits from FDI. The work of Harrison and her coauthors, which has been particularly influential, has used III7 microlevel panel data drawn from Morocco and Following the basic methodology developed by Aitken and Harrison (1999), Keller and Yeaple (2020) and Haskel et al. (2020) have examined FDI in advanced industrial economies, and Javorcik (2020) has examined FDI in Lithuania. In the previous work, I have examined issues related to the focus of this paper. Branstetter and Nakamura (2020) examined changes in the research productivity of Japanese manufacturing firms over the 1980s and 1990s. As part of that study, we examined the extent to which Ramp。 我們的調(diào)查結(jié)果 證明 FDI 確實具有外在性，需要予以警惕。對每一個部門最好的企業(yè)和差一點的企業(yè)都適用。當(dāng)大量的研究致力于對外商直接投資的溢出效應(yīng)進行實證研究，很少有人關(guān)注所有權(quán)結(jié)構(gòu)如何影響這一現(xiàn)象。如果可能的話，國內(nèi)外共同擁有一項投資項目的所有權(quán)更有可能導(dǎo)致知識分散。 III1 外文翻譯之一 To share or not to share: Does local participation matter for spillovers from foreign direct investment? Author(s)： Beata Smarzynska Javorcik and Mariana Spatareanu Nationality： . Source： ―To share or not to share: Does local participation matter for spillovers from foreign direct investment?‖ Journal of Development Economics, Article in press 1. Introduction Although domestic equity ownership requirements used to be extensively utilized by governments in developing countries,2 their incidence has sharply declined in recent years (UNCTAD, 2020). Increasingly petitive environment for foreign direct investment (FDI) and the need to ply with international mitments have put pressure on governments to relax restrictions on foreign entrants. One of the original motivations for the existence of ownership sharing conditions was the belief that local participation in foreign investment projects reveals their proprietary technology and thus benefits domestic firms by facilitating technology diffusion (see Beamish, 1988 and Blomstr246。因為要訂一個能夠列明使用無形資產(chǎn)所有方面 的權(quán)利的合同是很困難的。此外，對共同所有的外商直接投資項目投入要求不高再加上地方合作者對當(dāng)?shù)毓┴浬瘫容^熟，會導(dǎo)致對當(dāng)?shù)厣a(chǎn)的投入品有更大的依賴，因此 導(dǎo)致上游部門的當(dāng)?shù)厣a(chǎn)者更多的垂直溢出。這個模型適用于國家也適用于地區(qū)的企業(yè)。在對外國企業(yè)的二次抽樣和關(guān)注地區(qū)溢出效應(yīng)衰退時，對國內(nèi)市 場導(dǎo)向的部門來說，這兩個系數(shù)在統(tǒng)計計量上大小的差額很明顯。s FDI in the United States？ Author(s)： Lee Branstetter Nationality： . Source： ―Is foreign direct investment a channel of knowledge spillovers Evidence from Japan39。理論和經(jīng)驗主義工作的許多部分關(guān)注 制造品的進口所產(chǎn)生的知識溢出效應(yīng)的程度。為了把這些觀點用仔細的 統(tǒng)計檢驗 ，許多學(xué)者采用了從 外商直接投資 獲得的溢出效應(yīng)的經(jīng)驗主義研究。正如在論文中所指， 這些相關(guān)性常有混淆，從而對這樣間接推論的準確性產(chǎn)生懷疑。同樣地， 東道國一個部門如果需求旺盛，會帶來高額利潤，為國內(nèi)企業(yè)產(chǎn)生更高的 全要素 生產(chǎn)率 增長，同時，誘導(dǎo)外國企業(yè)的投資