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然而,研究開發(fā)只是公司無形資產(知識資產)的一個組成部分,而在科技部門無形資產的作用是顯而易見的。研究報告強烈地支持了第 2 章中提出的以下論斷:研究開發(fā)的非獨占性導致了研究開發(fā)可計量性,研究開發(fā)回報遞 增,以及許多無形資產具有正網狀效應(外部性)。專利指標與股票價格和回報相關的事實說明投資者并非完全沒有意識到這些指標具有提供有關公司創(chuàng)新過程的有用信息的能力。例如,曼紐爾專利只是部分的研究開發(fā)產出指標,因為并非所有的研究開發(fā)項目都 獲得專利。同時,計量經濟學研究將公司的市場價值同研究開發(fā) 強度、市場價值與賬面價值比同研究開發(fā)強度相聯(lián)系,得出了正向的具有統(tǒng)計意義的相關估計值。而且有偏見和歪曲的利潤報告 —— 產生于企業(yè)操縱利潤的企圖(見第 4 章) —— 可能會模糊研發(fā)與其帶來的收益的關系。 —— 公司融資的研究開發(fā)對于生產率增長的貢獻要高于 一 公司為基礎的政府融資的研究開發(fā)(政府許可)。D. Consequently, our knowledge concerning important intangibles is rudimentary at best. Resource: Baruch Lev. Intangibles: Management, Measurement and Reporting [M]. The Brookings Institution,. 18 譯文 : 無形資產 —— 管理、計量和呈報 研究開發(fā)與企業(yè)成長 通過將工作指標(利潤、銷售收入)系統(tǒng)地與研究開發(fā)支出(在當期和以前各期中允許在經營業(yè)績上的遞延效應)相聯(lián)系可以得出研究開發(fā)的貢獻,同時控制其他投資形式對經營業(yè)績的影響。D value. 17 In recent years, Internal Ramp。D investment — varies across industries and over time but is, by and large, considerably higher than firms’ cost of capital。 and Bronwyn Hall and colleagues report that citationweighted patent counts are positively associated with firms’ market values (after controlling for Ramp。D program were found to be associated with the level of corporate investment in Ramp。D and wasteful Ramp。D. For example, large panies may benefit from lessons of failed Ramp。D contribution can be evaluated using market values. Patents, and particularly citations in patent applications, provide an additional of the value of Ramp。D—cannot be directly estimated from information publicly disclosed to investors. Thus an important implication of these and similar findings is to suggest which kinds of currently unavailable information and data would be useful to managers, investors, and policymakers. Alternative Output Measures: Market Value and Patent The research presented above relates Ramp。D on firms’ productivity and growth .The research effort yielded several important findings: Ramp。D to the performance measure (profits ,sales) statistically to Ramp。D (see chapter 2), but it is inconceivable that risk differentials by themselves account for a threetoone productivity of basic research. The contribution of corporatefinanced Ramp。D and its subsequent benefits. These measurement difficulties have prompted a search for alternative and more reliable indicators of Ramp。D projects that are close to mercialization. Furthermore, econometric studies that relate corporate market values or markettobook ratios to Ramp。D valuations is obviously hampered by the absence of detailed information on these attributes in corporate financial reports. Data on Ramp。D expenditure). Patents are only partial indicators of Ramp。D value, since such citations are an objective indicator of the firm’s research capabilities and the impact of its innovation activities on the subsequent development of science and technology. Various studies show that patent citations capture important aspects of Ramp。D of firms that do not license patents, probably due to investors’ belief that the quality and prospects of the Ramp。D outlays in financial reports, investors consider Ramp。D, the appropriation of Ramp?;?礎研究相對與應用研究的貢獻的差異比是 3: 1,這個差額非常具有吸引力 。因此這些發(fā)現(xiàn)和類似發(fā)現(xiàn)的一個重要啟示就是那些現(xiàn)在未公布的信息是對經理人員、投資者和政策制定者有用的信息。 資本市場的研究普遍說明了投資者認為研究開發(fā)是一項重要的價值增值活動。 從財務報表中得 到的研究開發(fā)數(shù)據(jù)是研究開發(fā)貢獻和價值創(chuàng)造的粗糙的指標:其中既有高效率的研究開發(fā)也有無效的研究開發(fā)(摩托羅拉公司及其合作者投資 50 億美元用于銥衛(wèi)星通訊工程,這項工程現(xiàn)已破產,該事件就是后者的例110 證)。 然而,專利和創(chuàng)新顯然是研究開發(fā)貢獻的夸大計量,因為它們是價值偏態(tài)分布 —— 即 少部分創(chuàng)新能夠產生巨大的回報(一鳴驚人),而絕大部分創(chuàng)新實際上一文不值。 一項直接測試價值指標有用性的研究檢驗了引用估計指標預測上市公司股票收益和市凈率的能力。專利的特許權使用費的研究開發(fā)公司的價值評估要高于沒有特許權使用費的公司,這可能是由于投資者認為能夠授予專利的公司研究開發(fā)的質量較高和前景較光明。 —— 近幾年,外購的研究開發(fā)和技術補充了內部研究開發(fā),其中前者的支出要高于后者。 資料來源: 巴魯 .列弗 /(美) .無形 資產 :管理、計量和呈報 [M].布魯金斯學會,2020:5562.