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estion: 哪些體裁屬于信息型文本?科技報(bào)告,法律文書,合同,商品說明書等。它不像文學(xué)作品那樣追求對(duì)文學(xué)形象的審美體驗(yàn)。呼喚型文本中,由于文本的“核心”是“讀者層”,是需要呼喚讀者去感受,反應(yīng),行動(dòng),因而文本作者的身份并不重要,包括他在文本中體現(xiàn)的個(gè)人成分:思想,風(fēng)格。在翻譯策略上,基本以“歸化”為主流。M&M’ melts in your mouth, not in your ,不溶于手。因此,譯者必須首先確定一種文本的主要功能,或在同一文本不同部分確定每一部分的語言功能,從而有針對(duì)性地采用相應(yīng)的翻譯策略和手法,或忠實(shí)傳遞原文信息,或顧及譯文讀者,注重譯文效果。其功能更像商品廣告,目的是要吸引游客,最大限度地取得旅游產(chǎn)品的預(yù)期功能。島上椰樹成片,沙灘如銀,四周滿是紅色的珊瑚礁,景色如詩如畫。英漢互譯漢譯英修辭性減譯英譯漢修辭性增譯Venice invites idleness and silence is restful and its sundials are inscribed with the words: Horas non mumero nisi serenas(I count only the happy hours).威尼斯是人們休閑解悶,閑庭信步的好去處,她寧靜從容,閑適悠然,連城中的日就上都刻著這樣的銘文:“只記幸福時(shí)光”。歸化As one of the Four Tigers in Asia, Hong Kong is also known as the Oriental Pearl and the Shopping ,同樣被譽(yù)為“東方之珠”和“購物天堂”。英漢企業(yè)推介文本的差異內(nèi)容語言內(nèi)容我國企業(yè)在推介自己時(shí),多在炫耀自己是成功者,竭力為讀者樹立一個(gè)強(qiáng)大而可靠的形象,以博取消費(fèi)者的信賴。重視凝練概括,辭藻華麗。這一修辭傳統(tǒng)造成西方話語推崇質(zhì)樸自然,在平實(shí)中顯生動(dòng),重客觀表述事實(shí),不提倡文字表達(dá)重過分張揚(yáng),空洞無物,重復(fù)堆砌。該酒以紅高粱為原料,采用傳統(tǒng)工藝精制而成。西鳳酒清澈透明,香氣濃郁,醇厚圓潤,回味悠長,別具一格。它是用高粱,大米,糯米,小麥,玉米釀造,具有芳香濃郁,醇和甘甜,清冽凈爽,余味悠長的特點(diǎn),是宴席饋贈(zèng)之佳品。1999年通過ISO9002質(zhì)量體系認(rèn)證,獲得英國UKAS證書,并取得國家對(duì)外開展經(jīng)濟(jì)合作業(yè)務(wù)的資格。China Railway XXX Bureau Group Corporation is a builder prehensively engaged in the construction for railways, highways and airports, civil engineering, water conservancy, thermalpower/ hydropower projects, mine building and equipment corporation has XXX employees among whom xxx are professional equipped with xxx largeandmediumsized construction equipment and a worldadvanced productive line in the mechanized construction for tunnels, bridges, expressways and largescale earthworks, it possesses a total capital of more than RMB xxx billion with an annual productive capacity of over RMB x billion, ranking xx among the 500 largest construction enterprises in to be a superfine contractor in railway construction by the state in 2002, it was authorized as one of the 99 superfine enterprises in 鐵路車輛(集團(tuán))有限責(zé)任公司,正在奮力實(shí)現(xiàn)“再現(xiàn)國家隊(duì)雄風(fēng),再造新世紀(jì)輝煌,再為社會(huì)主義增光”的宏偉愿望,朝著“發(fā)展規(guī)模集團(tuán)化,產(chǎn)品品種系列化,市場(chǎng)營銷國際化,經(jīng)營格局多元化,企業(yè)規(guī)模現(xiàn)代化”的目標(biāo)邁進(jìn)。春華秋實(shí),碩果累累,兩萬多名教育教學(xué)人才走出學(xué)校大門,足跡遍及全國,桃李滿天下。文化差異與翻譯征婚廣告男,未婚,36歲,身高172米,北京市某公司總經(jīng)理,大學(xué)畢業(yè),樸實(shí)自信。S/W/M, 5?10??,., blonde hair, blue eyes, seeking attractive, slim lady between 28amp。福如東海,壽比南山。我勸你且緩一緩。我從來不吃雞。表現(xiàn)在:語言韻律,修辭格,句子的長短,句子結(jié)構(gòu)的緊湊或松散,篇章的層次,段落的排列組合,銜接等。Everlasting Longing Bai Juyi See the Bian River flow, And the Si River flow!By Ancient Ferry, mingling waves, they go, The Southern Hills reflect my thought stretches endlessly, My grief wretches endlessly, So thus my husband es to me,Alone on moonlit :放開我,你們這群強(qiáng)盜!周 萍: 把他拉下去!魯侍萍:這真是一群強(qiáng)盜?。ㄗ叩街芷济媲埃┠闶瞧?,??憑憑什么打我兒子?Hai:Let go of me, you hooligans!Ping: Hustle him outside!Ma:You are hooligans, too!(going across to Zhou Ping)You?re mymighty free with your fists!What right have you to hit my son?詞義沖突聯(lián)想意義不同等我性子上來,把這‘醋罐子’打個(gè)稀爛,他才認(rèn)的我呢!人家是醋罐子,他是醋缸,醋甕!“這斷子絕孫的阿Q!”遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)地聽到小尼姑的帶哭的聲音。又要馬兒好,又要馬兒不吃草。Her beauty would make the fish sink, the wild goose fall down, the moon hide herself, and put the flowers to 在保留原有意義的前提下,套用或借用譯語表達(dá)方式來代替原語的表達(dá)。我勸你且緩一緩。這種方法既保留了原文的文化與語言色彩,又能為譯語讀者所理解?!盋an this be some silly maid ing here to bury flowers like Frowner?” he was reminded of Zhuangzi?s story of the beautiful Xishi?s ugly neighbor, whose endeavor to imitate the little frown that made Xishi captivating produced an effect so hideous that people ran from her in recollection of it made him smile.“This is ?imitating the Frowner? with a vengeance,?” he thought, “if that is really what she is doing, not merely unoriginal, but downright disgusting!“這斷子絕孫的阿Q!”遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)地聽到小尼姑的帶哭的聲音。I was born in the Year of the never eat Year of the Rooster will bring me good luck or bad : Chinese people traditionally use 12 animals, representing the 12 Earthly Branches, to symbolize the year in which a person is Festival 1993, for example, is the first day of the Year of the born in this year have the rooster as their life other years of the rooster, according to an old Chinese saying, bee either goodorbadluck years for “抓周”,抓了一本書,因此得名“鐘書”。我勸你且緩一緩。一共住著多少家子,誰說得清?住兩間房的就不多,又搭上今兒個(gè)搬來,明兒個(gè)又搬走。英漢互譯的幾項(xiàng)基本原則和技巧,如選詞(Diction)、轉(zhuǎn)換(Conversion)、增補(bǔ)(Amplification)、省略(Omission)、重復(fù)(Repetition)、替代(Substitution)、變換(Variation)、倒置(Inversion)、拆離(Division)、綴合(Combination)、闡釋(Annotation)、濃縮(Condensation)、重組(Reconstruction),以及時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣、習(xí)語、術(shù)語等的譯法,都集中地體現(xiàn)了英漢兩種語言的不同特點(diǎn)。分析語的特征是不用形態(tài)變化而用語序及虛詞來表達(dá)語法關(guān)系。He moved astonishingly moved with astonishing movements astonished us by their rapid movements astonished 、構(gòu)形形態(tài),即表達(dá)語法意義的詞形變化。漢語是典型的分析語,詞沒有形態(tài)標(biāo)志,位置不能隨便移動(dòng),詞語之間的關(guān)系主要通過安排詞序及使用虛詞來表達(dá)。這使我感到特別高興。主語不可或缺,謂語動(dòng)詞是句子的中心,兩者協(xié)調(diào)一致(SV concord),提綱挈領(lǐng),聚集各種關(guān)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)(connectivenexus)。這一原則包括以下三方面:語法一致意義一致就近原則英語句子成分之間這種協(xié)調(diào)一致的原則,使句子結(jié)構(gòu)受到形態(tài)的約束,因而句式嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、規(guī)范、刻板,缺乏彈性。漢語主謂結(jié)構(gòu)具有很大的多樣性、復(fù)雜性和靈活性,因而句式呈“流散型”(diffusiveness)。整句由零句組成,因而復(fù)雜多樣,靈活多變。After the boats large and small had moored, all lit tiny oil lamps and fixed up mat was boiled in iron cauldrons over fires in the stern, and once this was cooked the vegetables were fried in another pan of sizzling the meal was ready, everyone aboard could wolf down three or five then it was ,莫不點(diǎn)了小小的油燈,拉了蓬。英語造句主要采用形合法(Hypotaxis)。英語句中的連接手段和形式(cohesive ties)不僅數(shù)量大,種類多,而且用得十分頻繁。介詞(286)。重意合而不重形合,詞語之間的關(guān)系常在不言之中,語法意義和邏輯聯(lián)系常隱含在字里行間。反復(fù)、排比、對(duì)偶、對(duì)照等。這類意合句式是由復(fù)句緊縮而成的。呂叔湘指出,“2+2的四音節(jié)是現(xiàn)代漢語里的一種重要的節(jié)奏傾向。英譯漢時(shí),往往要先分析句子的結(jié)構(gòu)、形式,才能確定句子的功能、意義;漢譯英時(shí),往往要先分析句子的功能、意義,才能確定句子的結(jié)構(gòu)、形式。第四節(jié) 繁復(fù)與簡短(Complex )從屬結(jié)構(gòu)(subordination)是現(xiàn)代英語最重要的特點(diǎn)之一。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),專業(yè)作者寫的句子平均長度為20個(gè)詞,受過教育的人寫的句子平均長度為25個(gè)詞。那些沒有標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的、一氣呵成的類似英語的那種長句,在漢語里是不正常的。過分使用長句或短句都會(huì)產(chǎn)生單調(diào)感(monotony).In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and ,少說也有十二把,五顏六色,大小不一。漢語重人稱,英語重物稱,這一特點(diǎn)主要表現(xiàn)在如何使用主語和動(dòng)詞這兩方面。二、英語常用被動(dòng)式,采用物稱表達(dá)法;漢語常用主動(dòng)式,采用人你、泛稱或隱稱表達(dá)法。英、美語言學(xué)者都主張多用主動(dòng)語態(tài),不要濫用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。盡管英語的被動(dòng)意義有時(shí)可以不用被動(dòng)式來表達(dá),但總的說來,英語常用結(jié)構(gòu)被動(dòng)式,少用意義被動(dòng)式。Language is shaped by, and shapes, human ,而語言又影響了人的思想。四、當(dāng)施事者難以指明時(shí),漢語還可以采用通稱(generic person)或泛稱如(“人”、“有人”、“人們”、“大家”、“人家”、“別人”、“某人”等)作主語,以保持句子的主動(dòng)形式?!笆??的”式,即表示狀態(tài)的靜句,通??梢耘c表示動(dòng)作的動(dòng)句互相轉(zhuǎn)換。This question will be discussed in the next 。英語的靜態(tài)傾向,主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾方面:一、名詞化(Nominalization)是英語常見的現(xiàn)象。二、用名詞表示施事者(Agentive noun),以代替