【正文】 次做兩件事等于未做。To work means to earn a living．工作就是為了生活。s architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant．(2)動名詞作表語：動名詞作表語，表示抽象的一般性的行為。動名詞做表語，說明主語的性質(zhì)或情況。換句話說，若人對??感興趣，就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有興趣時，就是說sb./ ： interesting使人感到高興interested感到高興的 exciting令人激動的excited感到激動的 delighting令人高興的delighted感到高興的 disappointing令人失望的disappointed感到失望的 encouraging令人鼓舞的encouraged感到鼓舞的 pleasing令人愉快的pleased感到愉快的 puzzling令人費(fèi)解的puzzled感到費(fèi)解的 satisfying令人滿意的satisfied感到滿意的 surprising令人驚異的surprised感到驚異的 worrying令人擔(dān)心的worried感到擔(dān)心的Travelling is interesting but tiring．旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲勞。3．不定式和動名詞作賓語的區(qū)別英語中大多數(shù)動詞既可跟不定式，也可跟動名詞作直接賓語，但有些動詞要求：(1)不定式做賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語 1)下面的動詞要求不定式做賓語 【口訣記憶】決心學(xué)會想希望，拒絕設(shè)法愿假裝，主動答應(yīng)選計劃 同意請求幫一幫，愿望似乎就沒有，碰巧承擔(dān)常努力。(3)有些動詞后使用動名詞和動詞不定式作賓語的差別 【口訣記憶】 想起忘記常后悔1）forget to do 忘記要去做某事（此事未做）forget doing忘記做過某事（此事已做過或已發(fā)生）2）stop to do 停止、中斷（某件事），目的是去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在或經(jīng)常做的事 3）remember to do 記住去做某事（未做）remember doing記得做過某事(已做)4)regret to do對要做的事遺憾 regret doing對做過的事遺憾、后悔 5）try to do努力、企圖做某事 try doing試驗(yàn)、試一試某種辦法 6)mean to do打算，有意要? mean doing意味著7）go on to do 繼而（去做另外一件事情）go on doing 繼續(xù)（原先沒有做完的事情）8）propose to do 打算（要做某事）proposing doing建議（做某事）9)like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具體行為；+doing sth 表示抽象、傾向概念（注)如果這些動詞前有should一詞，其后賓語只跟不定式，不能跟動名詞。I don39。Let39。This illness will mean(your)going to hospital．得了這種病(你)就要進(jìn)醫(yī)院。She has a lot of work to do in the morning．早上他有很多工作要做。4)不定式修飾一些表示方向、原因、時間、機(jī)會、權(quán)利等抽象名詞如： ability能力，本領(lǐng) drive趕，駕駛 movement運(yùn)動，活動 ambition抱負(fù)，野心 effort努力，嘗試 need需要，需求 campaign戰(zhàn)役，運(yùn)動 failure失敗，不及格 opportunity機(jī)會 chance機(jī)會 force力，壓力，要點(diǎn) promise許諾，希望 courage勇氣 intention意向，意圖 reason理由，原因 decision決定 method方法，方式 light光，光線，亮光determination決心，決定 motive動機(jī)，目的 struggle奮斗，努力，tendency傾向，趨勢 wish希望，愿望，祝愿5）被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或next，second, last, only和not a，the等限定詞時候，只能用不定式。如： tend to dotendency to do；decide to do = decision to do；be curious to do = curiosity to do His wish to buy a car came true．他要買輛車的愿望實(shí)現(xiàn)了。2)現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行，過去分詞表示狀態(tài)或做完(完成)的事。Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那個修好的表了嗎? He is an advanced teacher．他是個先進(jìn)教師。1）現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時，現(xiàn)在分詞的動作就是句子主語的動作，它們之間的關(guān)系是主動關(guān)系。Given more attention, the trees could have grown ，它們本來會長得更好。(伴隨)They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan．他們站在路邊為的是談?wù)撨@個計劃。(原因)Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before．他仔細(xì)讀書時，發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些從前不知道的東西。(結(jié)果)The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf．這男孩個子不夠高，手伸不到書架。6．非謂語動詞?？嫉钠渌Y(jié)構(gòu)（1)疑問詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)疑問詞who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可構(gòu)成一種特殊的不定式短語。t know what to do．我不知道該怎么辦。 后面不能直接跟不定式作賓語，只能跟疑問詞（如：how, what）+不定式： While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.(2)介詞except和but作“只有?，只能?”講時跟不定式結(jié)構(gòu)（but與不帶to的不定式 連用）。I would have you know that I am ill．我想要你知道我病了。但是，如果謂語動詞不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式則仍須帶。例如： I found it impossible for him to do the job alone．我發(fā)現(xiàn)他—個人干這活是不可能的。s+動名詞。3)某些形容詞，如：careless等不定式后可以加of來引導(dǎo)出其邏輯主語。s a great pity for there to be much trouble in the 。It is no good 。It is nice seeing you again．真高興又遇到了你。1）現(xiàn)在分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)judging from / by?, generally speaking, strictly speaking 2)不定式的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)to tell you the truth, to make things worse, to begin / start with 3)動詞原形： Believe it or not(信不信由你)4)作連詞的分詞considering（考慮到，就?而言），providing / provided ?假如，supposing 假如 這些詞用來表示條件的連詞，后接that 從句。眾所周知非限定性從句通常以主句的某一成分作為自己的邏輯主語，從而依附于主句。三、形式：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在形式上有兩部分組成：第一部分有名詞或代詞擔(dān)任，第二部分由分詞、動詞不定式、形容詞、副詞、或介詞短語擔(dān)任。表原因）Miss Wang e into the classroom, books in ，手里拿著書。（名詞＋副詞；表時間）Without a word more spoken, he picked up the ，他拾起那張紙。例：⑴ If time permit, we’d better have a rest at this weekend.－→Time permitting，we’d better have a rest at this ，本周末我們最好休息一下。例：⑴ Looking for my watch in the room, it had taken me a long ，用了我很長時間。frankly speaking。⑵ Judging from what he said, she must be an honest ，她一定很誠實(shí)。to tell you the truth。例：⑴ To tell you the truth, what I said at the meeting was not my ，我在會上說的并不是我的意見。（seating himself at the desk擁有了自己的邏輯主語he，注意是“主格”）= When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a key to the bike lost, he had to walk to ，他只好步行去學(xué)校。His mother to e tonight，he is busy preparing the ,他正在忙著準(zhǔn)備飯菜。t afford any time.）The four of us agreed on a division of labour , each to translate a quarter of the ，每人翻譯全書的四分之一。（= As he was very ill, he went home.）Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a ，他開始看雜志。（相當(dāng)于一個原因狀語從句Because the boy led the way）Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit ，他感到有點(diǎn)兒緊張。= As there was no further business to discuss, we all went ． 表示條件的ing形式作“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”Time permitting, we will have a piic next ，我們下星期將進(jìn)行一次野炊。（相當(dāng)于一個并列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky）C．ed形式“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”與邏輯主語+動詞的ing形式一樣，如果ed形式的邏輯主語和句子的主語不一致的話，就需要用ed形式的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。= He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the task pleted, he had two months39。The manager looks worried，many things to , 有這么多的事情要處理。（兩個動作有先后，飯已做好，小孩才去睡覺的八、with、without 引導(dǎo)的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)介詞with/without +賓語+賓語的補(bǔ)足語可以構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，上面討論過的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的幾種情況在此結(jié)構(gòu)中都能體現(xiàn)。With his son so disappointing，the old man felt ,老人感到很不快樂。= The boy was walking and his father was ． with+名詞代詞+介詞短語He stood at the door, with a puter in his He stood at the door, puter in ，手里拿著一部電腦。= After the signal was given, the train wouldn’t dare go home without the job ，我不敢回家。= When no one was noticing, he slipped through the ． with+名詞代詞+動詞不定式The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to ，小男孩看上去很不開心。（without不能省略）九、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的句法功能獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中除了能充當(dāng)原因狀語、時間狀語、條件狀語和伴隨狀語外，還能作定語。（= When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.）All the guests seated, they began their ，他們才開始吃飯。(= As there was no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.)3．表示條件Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next ，我們下星期將舉行每年一次的運(yùn)動會?！菊`】When class being over, the students left their classroom.【正】Class(being)over, the students left their ，學(xué)生都離