【正文】 nd, after a bit of tinkering and detaildebugging, they will find that the machine does indeed work.) 1848 British Mathematician Gee Boole devised binary algebra (Boolean algebra) paving the way for the development of a binary puter almost a century later. See 1939. 1853 To Babbage’s delight, the Scheutzes plete the first fullscale difference engine, which they call a Tabulating Machine. It operates on 15digit numbers and 4thorder differences, and produces printed output as Babbage’s would have. A second machine is later built to the same design by the firm of Brian Donkin of London. 1858 The first Tabulating Machine (see 1853) is bought by the Dudley Observatory in Albany, New York, and the second one by the British government. The Albany machine is used to produce a set of astronomical tables。 but the arithmetic unit is less successful. The program is read from punched tape not paper tape, but discarded 35 mm movie film. Data values can be entered from a numeric keyboard, and outputs are displayed on electric lamps. 1939 January 1 HewlettPackard formed by David Hewlett and William Packard in a garage in California. A coin toss decided the name. 1939 November John V. Atanasoff (1903) and graduate student Clifford Berry (?1963), of Iowa State College (now the Iowa State University), Ames, Iowa, plete a prototype 16bit adder. This is the first machine to calculate using vacuum tubes. 1939 Start of WWII. This spurred many improvements in technology and led to the development of machines such as the Colossus (see 1943). 1939 Zuse and Schreyer begin work on the V2 (later Z2), which will marry the Z1’s existing mechanical memory unit to a new arithmetic unit using relay logic. The project is interrupted for a year when Zuse is drafted, but then released. (Zuse is a friend of Wernher von Braun, who will later develop the *other* V2, and after that, play a key role in the US space program.) 1939/1940 Schreyer pletes a prototype 10bit adder using vacuum tubes, and a prototype memory using neon lamps. 1940 January At Bell Labs, Samuel Williams and Stibitz plete a calculator which can operate on plex numbers, and give it the imaginative name of the Complex Number Calculator。 there are 1200 more in the arithmetic and control units. The program, input, and output are implemented as described above for the Z1. Conditional jumps are not available. The machine can do 34 additions per second, and takes 35 seconds for a multiplication. It is a marginal decision whether to call the Z3 a prototype。 so all Japanese panies paid fees up until the year 20xx long after the patent became obsolete in the rest of the World! 1959 Computers built between 1959 and 1964 are often regarded as ’Second Generation’ puters, based on transistors and printed circuits resulting in much smaller puters. More powerful, the second generation of puters could handle interpreters such as FORTRAN (for science) or COBOL (for business), that accepting Englishlike mands, and so were much more flexible in their applications. 1959 COBOL (COmmon BusinessOrientated Language) was developed, the initial specifications being released in April 1960. 1960 ALGOL first structured, procedural, language to be released. 1960 Tandy Corporation founded by Charles Tandy. 1961 APL programming language released by Kenh Iverson at IBM. 1964 Computers built between 1964 and 1972 are often regarded as ’Third Generation’ puters, they are based on the first integrated circuits creating even smaller machines. Typical of such machines was the IBM 360 series mainframe, while smaller miniputers began to open up puting to smaller businesses. 1964 Programming language PL/1 released by IBM. 1964 Launch of IBM 360 the first series of patible puters. 1964 DEC PDP8 Mini Computer. The First Miniputer, built by Digital EquipmentCost (DEC) it cost $16,000 to buy. 1965 Moore’s law published by Gordon Moore in the 35th Anniversary edition of Electronics magazine. Originally suggesting processor plexity every year the law was revised in 1975 to suggest a doubling in plexity every two years. 1965 Fuzzy Logic designed by Lofti Zadeh (University of Berkeley, California), it is used to process approximate data such as ’about 100’. 1965 BASIC (Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) developed at Dartmouth College, USA, by Thomas E. Kurtz and John Kemeny. Not implemented on microputers until 1975. It is often used in education to teach programming, and also at home by beginners. 1965 Mouse conceived by Douglas Englebart, not to bee popular until 1983 with the Apple puters and not adopted by IBM until 1987 although patible puters such as the Amstrad PC 1512 were fitted with mice before this date. 1965 The first superputer, the Control Data CD6600, was developed. 1967 Development on PASCAL started, to be finished in 1971. Based on ALGOL. Developed by Niklaus Wirth. It’s use exploded after the introduction of Turbo Pascal, by Borland, in 1984 a high speed and low cost piler. It is used for a wide variety of tasks, it contains many features, is well structured and easy to learn. Borland Pascal included an implementation of ObjectOrientated programming (similar to C++). 1968 Intel founded by Robert Noyce and a few friends. 1968 LOGO programming language developed by Seymour Papert and team at MIT. 1968 But what ... is it good for? Engineer at the Advanced Computing Systems Division of IBM menting on the microchip. 1969 ARPANET Started by the US Dept. of Defence for research into working. It is the original basis for what now forms the Inter. It was opened to nonmilitary users later in the 1970s and many universities and large businesses went online. US Vicepresident AlGore was the first to call it the Inform