【正文】 they were destroyed immediately after they had finished their work it was so advanced that there was to be no possibility of it’s design falling into the wrong hands (presumably the Russians). One of the early engineers wrote an emulation on an early Pentium that ran at 1/2 the rate! 1946 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer): One of the first totally electronic, valve driven, digital, puters. Development started in 1943 and finished in 1946, at the Ballistic Research Laboratory, USA, by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert. It weighed 30 tonnes and contained 18,000 Electronic Valves, consuming around 25kW of electrical power widely recognised as the first Universal Electronic Computer. It could do around 100,000 calculations a second. It was used for calculating Ballistic trajectories and testing theories behind the Hydrogen bomb. 1947 end Invention of Transistor at The Bell Laboratories, USA, by William B. Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter H. Brattain. 1948 June 21 SSEM, Small Scale Experimental Machine or ’Baby’ was built at Manchester University (UK), It ran it’s first program on this date. Based on ideas from Jon von Neumann (a Hungarian Mathematician) about stored program puters, it was the first puter to store both it’s programs and data in RAM, as modern puters so. By 1949 the ’Baby’ had grown, and aquired a magentic drum for more perminant storage, and it became the Manchester Mark I. The Ferranti MArk I was basically the same as the Manchester Mark I but faster and made for mmercial sale. 1949 May 6 Wilkes and a team at Cambridge University build a stored program puter EDSAC. It used paper tape I/O, and was the first storedprogram puter to operate a regular puting service. 1949 EDVAC (electronic discrete variable puter) First puter to use Magic Tape. This was a breakthrough as previous puters had to be reprogrammed by rewiring them whereas EDVAC could have new programs loaded off of the tape. Proposed by John von Neumann, it was pleted in 1952 at the Institute for Advance Study, Princeton, USA. 1949 Computers in the future may weigh no more than tons., Popular Mechanics, forecasting the relentless march of science. 1950 Floppy Disk invented at the Imperial University in Tokyo by Doctor Yoshiro Nakamats, the sales license for the disk was granted to IBM. 1950 The British mathematician and puter pioneer Alan Turing declared that one day there would be a machine that could duplicate human intelligence in every way and prove it by passing a specialized test. In this test, a puter and a human hidden from view would be asked random identical questions. If the puter were successful, the questioner would be unable to distinguish the machine from the person by the answers. 1951 High level language piler invented by Grace Murray Hopper. 1951 Whirlwind, the first realtime puter was built for the US Air Defence System. 1951 UNIVAC1. The first mercially sucessful electronic puter, UNIVAC I, was also the first general purpose puter designed to handle both numeric and textual information. Designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, whose corporation subsequently passed to Remington Rand. The implementation of this machine marked the real beginning of the puter era. Remington Rand delivered the first UNIVAC machine to the . Bureau of Census in 1951. This machine used magentic tape for input. 1952 EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Computer) pleted at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, USA (by Von Neumann and others). 1953 Estimate that there are 100 puters in the world. 1953 Magic Core Memory developed. 1954 FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation) development started by John Backus and his team at IBM continuing until 1957. FORTRAN is a programming language, used for Scientific programming. 1956 First conference on Artificial Intelligence held at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. 1956 Edsger Dijkstra invented an efficient algorithm for shortest paths in graphs as a demonstration of the abilities of the ARMAC puter. 1957 First Dot Matrix printer marketed by IBM. 1957 FORTRAN development finished. See 1954. 1957 I have travelled the length and breadth of this country and talked with the best people, and I can assure you that data processing is a fad that won’t last out the year. The editor in charge of business books for Prentice Hall. 1958 LISP (interpreted language) developed, Finished in 1960. LISP stands for ’LISt Processing’, but some call it ’Lots of Irritating and Stupid Parenthesis’ due to the huge number of confusing nested brackets used in LISP programs. Used in . development. Developed by John McCarthy at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1958 September 12 The integrated circuit invented by Jack St Clair Kilby at Texas Instruments. Robert Noyce, who later set up Intel, also worked separately on the invention. Intel later went on to invent perfect the microprocessor. The patent was applied for in 1959 and granted in 1964. This patent wasn’t accepted by Japan so Japanese businesses could avoid paying any fees, but in 1989 after a 30 year legal battle Japan granted the patent。 with its small memory it is certainly not very useful on the equation solving problems that the DVL was mostly interested in. 1943 Computers between 1943 and 1959 (or thereabouts some say this era did not start until UNIVAC1 in 1951) usually regarded as ’first generation’ and are based on valves and wire circuits. The are characterised by the use of punched cards and vacuum valves. All programming was done in machine code. A typical machine of the era was UNIVAC, see 1951. 1943 I think there is a world market for maybe five puters., Thomas Watson, chairman of IBM. 1943 January The Harvard Mark I (originally ASCC Mark I, Ha