【正文】 arately on the invention. Intel later went on to invent perfect the microprocessor. The patent was applied for in 1959 and granted in 1964. This patent wasn’t accepted by Japan so Japanese businesses could avoid paying any fees, but in 1989 after a 30 year legal battle Japan granted the patent。 with its small memory it is certainly not very useful on the equation solving problems that the DVL was mostly interested in. 1943 Computers between 1943 and 1959 (or thereabouts some say this era did not start until UNIVAC1 in 1951) usually regarded as ’first generation’ and are based on valves and wire circuits. The are characterised by the use of punched cards and vacuum valves. All programming was done in machine code. A typical machine of the era was UNIVAC, see 1951. 1943 I think there is a world market for maybe five puters., Thomas Watson, chairman of IBM. 1943 January The Harvard Mark I (originally ASCC Mark I, HarvardIBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator) was built at Harvard University by Howard H. Aiken (19001973) and his team, partly financed by IBM it became the first program controlled calculator. The whole machine is 51 feet long, weighs 5 tons, and incorporates 750,000 parts. It used 3304 electromechanical relays as onoff switches, had 72 accumulators (each with it’s own arithmetic unit) as well as mechanical register with a capacity of 23 digits plus sign. The arithmetic is fixedpoint, with a plugboard setting determining the number of decimal places. I/O facilities include card readers, a card punch, paper tape readers, and typewriters. There are 60 sets of rotary switches, each of which can be used as a constant register sort of mechanical readonly memory. The program is read from one paper tape。 this scheme requires fewer relays than straight BCD. Rather than requiring users to e to the machine to use it, the calculator is provided with three remote keyboards, at various places in the building, in the form of teletypes. Only one can be used at a time, and the output is automatically displayed on the same one. In September 1940, a teletype is set up at a mathematical conference in Hanover, New Hampshire, with a connection to New York, and those attending the conference can use the machine remotely. 1941 Summer Atanasoff and Berry plete a specialpurpose calculator for solving systems of simultaneous linear equations, later called the ABC (AtanasoffBerry Computer). This has 60 50bit words of memory in the form of capacitors (with refresh circuits the first regenerative memory) mounted on two revolving drums. The clock speed is 60 Hz, and an addition takes 1 second. For secondary memory it uses punch cards, moved around by the user. The holes are not actually punched in the cards, but burned. The punch card system’s error rate is never reduced beyond %, and this isn’t really good enough. (Atanasoff will leave Iowa State after the US enters the war, and this will end his work on digital puting machines.) 1941 December Now working with limited backing from the DVL (German Aero nautical Research Institute), Zuse pletes the V3 (later Z3): the first operational programmable calculator. It works with floating point numbers having a 7bit exponent, 14bit mantissa (with a 1 bit automatically prefixed unless the number is 0), and a sign bit. The memory holds 64 of these words and therefore requires over 1400 relays。 it is later known as the Model I Relay Calculator. It uses telephone switching parts for logic: 450 relays and 10 crossbar switches. Numbers are represented in plus 3 BCD。 he just wants to show that a Spaniard can invent as well as an American. 1879 A mittee investigates the feasibility of pleting the Analytical Engine and concludes that it is impossible now that Babbage is dead. The project is then largely fotten, though Howard Aiken is a notable exception. 1885 A multiplying calculator more pact than the Arithmometer enters mass production. The design is the independent, and more or less simultaneous, invention of Frank S. Baldwin, of the United States, and T. Odhner, a Swede living in Russia. The fluted drums are replaced by a variabletoothed gear design: a disk with radial pegs that can be made to protrude or retract from it. 1886 Dorr E. Felt (18621930), of Chicago, makes his Comptometer. This is the first calculator where the operands are entered merely by pressing keys rather than having to be, for example, dialled in. It is feasible because of Felt’s invention of a carry mechanism fast enough to act while the keys return from being pressed. 1889 Felt invents the first printing desk calculator. 1890 1890 . census. The 1880 census took 7 years to plete since all processing was done by hand off of journal sheets. The increasing population suggested that by the 1890 census the data processing would take longer than the 10 years before the next census so a petition was held to try to find a better method. This was won by a Census Department employee, Herman Hollerith who went on to found the Tabulating Machine Company (see 1911), later to bee IBM. Herman borrowed Babbage’s idea of using the punched cards (see 1801) from the textile industry for the data storage. This method was used in the 1890 census, the result (62,622,250 people) was released in just 6 weeks! This storage allowed much more indepth analysis of the data and so, despite being more efficient, the 1890 census cost about double (actually 198%) that of the 1880 census. 1892 William S. Burroughs (18571898), of St. Louis, invents a machine similar to Felt’s (see 1886) but more robust, and this is the one that really starts the mechanical office calculator industry. 1896 IBM founded (as the Tabulating Machine Company), see 1924. Founded by Herman Hollerith (18601929, s