【導讀】Schickard’s’CalculatingClock’,Pascal’smachinebecamefar

　　

【正文】 asked random identical questions. If the puter were successful, the questioner would be unable to distinguish the machine from the person by the answers. 1951 High level language piler invented by Grace Murray Hopper. 1951 Whirlwind, the first realtime puter was built for the US Air Defence System. 1951 UNIVAC1. The first mercially sucessful electronic puter, UNIVAC I, was also the first general purpose puter designed to handle both numeric and textual information. Designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, whose corporation subsequently passed to Remington Rand. The implementation of this machine marked the real beginning of the puter era. Remington Rand delivered the first UNIVAC machine to the . Bureau of Census in 1951. This machine used magentic tape for input. 1952 EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Computer) pleted at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, USA (by Von Neumann and others). 1953 Estimate that there are 100 puters in the world. 1953 Magic Core Memory developed. 1954 FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation) development started by John Backus and his team at IBM continuing until 1957. FORTRAN is a programming language, used for Scientific programming. 1956 First conference on Artificial Intelligence held at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. 1956 Edsger Dijkstra invented an efficient algorithm for shortest paths in graphs as a demonstration of the abilities of the ARMAC puter. 1957 First Dot Matrix printer marketed by IBM. 1957 FORTRAN development finished. See 1954. 1957 I have travelled the length and breadth of this country and talked with the best people, and I can assure you that data processing is a fad that won’t last out the year. The editor in charge of business books for Prentice Hall. 1958 LISP (interpreted language) developed, Finished in 1960. LISP stands for ’LISt Processing’, but some call it ’Lots of Irritating and Stupid Parenthesis’ due to the huge number of confusing nested brackets used in LISP programs. Used in . development. Developed by John McCarthy at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1958 September 12 The integrated circuit invented by Jack St Clair Kilby at Texas Instruments. Robert Noyce, who later set up Intel, also worked separately on the invention. Intel later went on to invent perfect the microprocessor. The patent was applied for in 1959 and granted in 1964. This patent wasn’t accepted by Japan so Japanese businesses could avoid paying any fees, but in 1989 after a 30 year legal battle Japan granted the patent。 so all Japanese panies paid fees up until the year 20xx long after the patent became obsolete in the rest of the World! 1959 Computers built between 1959 and 1964 are often regarded as ’Second Generation’ puters, based on transistors and printed circuits resulting in much smaller puters. More powerful, the second generation of puters could handle interpreters such as FORTRAN (for science) or COBOL (for business), that accepting Englishlike mands, and so were much more flexible in their applications. 1959 COBOL (COmmon BusinessOrientated Language) was developed, the initial specifications being released in April 1960. 1960 ALGOL first structured, procedural, language to be released. 1960 Tandy Corporation founded by Charles Tandy. 1961 APL programming language released by Kenh Iverson at IBM. 1964 Computers built between 1964 and 1972 are often regarded as ’Third Generation’ puters, they are based on the first integrated circuits creating even smaller machines. Typical of such machines was the IBM 360 series mainframe, while smaller miniputers began to open up puting to smaller businesses. 1964 Programming language PL/1 released by IBM. 1964 Launch of IBM 360 the first series of patible puters. 1964 DEC PDP8 Mini Computer. The First Miniputer, built by Digital EquipmentCost (DEC) it cost $16,000 to buy. 1965 Moore’s law published by Gordon Moore in the 35th Anniversary edition of Electronics magazine. Originally suggesting processor plexity every year the law was revised in 1975 to suggest a doubling in plexity every two years. 1965 Fuzzy Logic designed by Lofti Zadeh (University of Berkeley, California), it is used to process approximate data such as ’about 100’. 1965 BASIC (Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) developed at Dartmouth College, USA, by Thomas E. Kurtz and John Kemeny. Not implemented on microputers until 1975. It is often used in education to teach programming, and also at home by beginners. 1965 Mouse conceived by Douglas Englebart, not to bee popular until 1983 with the Apple puters and not adopted by IBM until 1987 although patible puters such as the Amstrad PC 1512 were fitted with mice before this date. 1965 The first superputer, the Control Data CD6600, was developed. 1967 Development on PASCAL started, to be finished in 1971. Based on ALGOL. Developed by Niklaus Wirth. It’s use exploded after the introduction of Turbo Pascal, by Borland, in 1984 a high speed and low cost piler. It is used for a wide variety of tasks, it contains many features, is well structured and easy to learn. Borland Pascal included an implementation of ObjectOrientated programming (similar to C++). 1968 Intel founded by Robert Noyce and a few friends. 1968 LOGO programming language developed by Seymour Papert and team at MIT. 1968 But what ... is it good for? Engineer at the Advanced Computing Systems Division of IBM menting on the microchip. 1969 ARPANET Started by the US Dept. of Defence for research into working. It is the original basis for what now forms the Inter. It was opened to nonmilitary users later in the 1970s and many universities and large businesses went online. US Vicepresident AlGore was the first to call it the Inform