【正文】 ? 3? ? 1980初 4? ? 1980中 4 ~ 5? ? 1980末 ? ~ 1990初 Motorola ? 6?方法： ? 不合格率 ? 相當於 6? ? 美國企業(yè)競爭力衰退的原因 ? 美國管理文化中含有 不信任的氣氛 ， 這種表現(xiàn)在嚴格的審核 、 管制 、 檢查的管理制度上 ， 無形造成過度的管理成本上漲 。 ? 因此美國開始檢討其品質(zhì)，各種品質(zhì)系統(tǒng)亦相繼提出，其中包含 6 ?品質(zhì)系統(tǒng) 。 ? 在 3?水準， 由 1000個零件組成的產(chǎn)品中 ，每 15個產(chǎn)品中只有 1個產(chǎn)品是好的。 較佳的效率 競爭優(yōu)勢 低成本 差異化 較佳的創(chuàng)新 較佳的品質(zhì) 較佳的顧客回應 ? . 從近代品質(zhì)系統(tǒng)的觀點 ?※ ISO9000 ? Effectiveness: 5 ?※ QS9000 ? Effectiveness: 10 ?※ Malcolm Baldrige Guideline ? Effectiveness: 25 ?※ European Quality Award ? Effectiveness: 30 ?※ TQM ? Effectiveness： 35 ?※ 6 ? The Little Q ? Effectiveness: 50 ?※ The Ultimate 6 ? The Big Q ? Effectiveness: 90 (上述品質(zhì)系統(tǒng)均於 80年代末期開展出 ) ※ 6 ? The Ultimate 6 ?將是一趨勢 ? 2. 6 ? Overview ? 6 ?, the way to create profit. Sigma Improve Customer Satisfaction Profits increase Defects Decrease costs Decrease ? 6 ? History (1) Something must be wrong 1975 Motorola TV business failed due to poor profit and sold to a Japanese Company Assign corporate quality offices 1980 Corporate movement “ Great Quality Awakening” program 1981 Focus on Quality and Total Customer Satisfaction (TCS) ? 6 ? History (2) Establish Motorola Training Education Center 1981 Launch Quality System Review (QSR) program 1982 5 years, 10Quality improvement goal set 6? theory and concept initialized 1986 Bill Smith Mikel Harry presented the idea to CEO Galvin ? 6 ? History (3) Quantitative Operation Quality Initiative 1987 Motorola Texas Instrument Businesswide Strategic Management 1995 Nokia, GE, Allied Signal, Hitachi, Panasonic, Sony, Whirlpool, Honeywell, Boeing, Dupont ? 6 ? Innovation Modeling ? (3ccustomer, petitor, pany) ? (3eexcitation, employment, entertainment) ? (3pproduct, process, person) Innovation Box Change of Business Situation (3C) Object (3P) Method (3E) Purpose . Profit . SkillUp ? The Many Aspects of 6 ? Tool Symbol Metric Method Value Goal Vision Benchmark Philosophy ? 6 ? as a MetricThe high level of sigma, the lower the probability of producing a defect. Spec. Limit Target Limit Some Chance of Defect ? 3 ? Spec. Limit Target Limit Much Less Chance of Defect ? 6 ? ? 6 ? as a Metric 1 691,500 2 308,537 3 66,807 4 6,210 5 233 6 (Shifted ?) From 3? process to 6? process: about 20,000 times improvement 6? DPMO ? 如何 6 ? 導入 ? 一般來說， 從 3 ? 到 4 ? 階段 ，是企業(yè)可以自行改善的範圍 ，但這樣的品質(zhì)標準並沒有辦法讓企業(yè)變得很有競爭力； ? 從 4 ? 到 5 ? 階段 ，就必須找尋可以 學習的標竿企業(yè) (Benchmarking)，當成比較與學習的對象； 而 5 ? 到 6 ? 階段時，品質(zhì)就已經(jīng)不是製造出來的，而是設(shè)計出來的 (DFSSDesign for Six Sigma)。 ? VOC, VOB, QFD ? D3 Project Planning。圓圈外的的事業(yè)將被整頓、關(guān)閉或出售。 CTQ係任何會直接影響顧客對產(chǎn)品 /服務品質(zhì)觀感之因素 。 Work Breakdown Tool ? M1 Specify Project。 ? Anything that results in nonconformance) ? DPO: Defect per Opportunity ? DPMO: Defect per Million Opportunities ? Example of Sigma calculation: Discrete Data ? Case (1): Over the last several years, you have collected data on trips to the airport. Of the 100 trips sampled, you have missed only 5 flights. If you indicate this situation as Sigma level, what will it be? ? Sol. DPU = DPO =5/100 = ? = , Z = ? ? level = Z + = + = Case (2). An accounting term conducted an internal audit for the financial report of year 2023 and they observed 25 nonconforming record. There were 2 steps of probable incorrect entry identified in the process and the total observation was 25,000 records. What is DPO? What is DPMO? What is Sigma level of financial reporting process? ? Sol. DPU = 25/25000, DPO = 25/(2*25000) =, DPMO = *10^6 =2023 ? 1 = , Z = ? ? level = Z + = + = ? Example of Sigma calculation: ? Continuous Data(1) 1 ? Mean Median Mode 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 + ? ? Normal Distribution with mean = 100 and std. = 10 ? Continuous Data(2) (1) Mathematical Model； (2) Continuous； (3) Smooth；(4) Symmetrical。 ? Pareto, Brainstorming, Cause Effect Diagram, Logic Tree ? A3 Verify Potential Causes。 ? Optimizing DOE(RSM), Solution Selection Matrix ? I3 Set Up Operating Window。 ? Control Plan, Control Chart ? C3 Link to Management System。 :06:5412:06Mar2323Mar23 ? 1故人江海別，幾度隔山川。 。 , March 23, 2023 ? 很多事情努力了未必有結(jié)果，但是不努力卻什么改變也沒有。 :06:5412:06:54March 23, 2023 ? 1意志堅強的人能把世界放在手中像泥塊一樣任意揉捏。 2023年 3月 23日星期四 12時 6分 54秒 12:06:5423 March 2023 ? 1空山新雨后，天氣晚來秋。 :06:5412:06Mar2323Mar23 ? 1越是無能的人，越喜歡挑剔別人的錯兒。 2023年 3月 23日星期四 下午 12時 6分 54秒 12:06: ? 1最具挑戰(zhàn)性的挑戰(zhàn)莫過于提