【正文】 n is required to drill holes, turn parts in a lathe, mill surfaces, or drive a generator or fan belt. 扶輪運(yùn)動(dòng)需要去鉆孔，在車床上轉(zhuǎn)換兩件,表面,或驅(qū)動(dòng)發(fā)電機(jī)或風(fēng)扇皮帶4 、Harmonic and Intermittent Motion（諧和運(yùn)動(dòng)和間歇運(yùn)動(dòng)）: Any simple vibration, such as the regular back, and forth movement of the end of a pendulum, is simple harmonic motion.Lesson41 、Virtually all machines contain shafts. The most mon shape for shafts is circular and the cross section can be either solid or hollow. 實(shí)際上，幾乎所有的機(jī)器中都裝有軸。軸還應(yīng)該具有足夠的抗扭強(qiáng)度，以使在同一軸上的兩個(gè)傳動(dòng)零件之間的相對轉(zhuǎn)角不會(huì)過大。Another important aspect of shaft design is the method of directly connecting one shaft to another. Devices such as rigid and flexible couplings acplish this.軸的設(shè)計(jì)工作中的另一個(gè)重要方面是一根軸與另一根軸之間的直接連接方法。因此，幾乎在所有的設(shè)計(jì)中都要用到緊固件。一個(gè)緊固件的失效或松脫可能會(huì)帶來像車門嘎嘎響這類小麻煩，也可能造成像車輪脫落這種嚴(yán)重的后果。Lesson9Where speeds are high special cooling arrangements bee necessary which may increase frictional drag .在轉(zhuǎn)速高的場合需要有專門的冷卻裝置，而這可能會(huì)增大摩擦阻力。軸肩出的圓弧半徑主要是為了避免應(yīng)力集中。要保證機(jī)械零件在使用過程中不發(fā)生失效，就必須知道它們在某些時(shí)候會(huì)失效的原因，然后，才能將應(yīng)力與強(qiáng)度聯(lián)系起來，以確保其安全。因此，硬度可以表示為所產(chǎn)生的壓痕尺寸函數(shù)。 (b) functional。Often a prototype or working model is made that can be tested to permit evaluation of the product as to function, reliability, appearance, serviceability, and so on. 通常要制造出樣機(jī)或著實(shí)物模型，并對其進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)，評(píng)價(jià)產(chǎn)品的功能、可靠性、外觀和維修保養(yǎng)性等As manufacturing progresses, it is inevitable that situations will arise that may require modifications of the materials being used. Experience may reveal that substitution of cheaper materials can be made. 在制造過程中，不可避免地會(huì)出現(xiàn)對使用中的材料做一些更改的情況。零件圖是在一整套工作圖中關(guān)于一個(gè)零件（或細(xì)節(jié)）的工作圖。The allocation of proper production tolerances is therefore a most important task if the finished product is to achieve its intended purpose and yet be economical to produce. The size of the tolerances, as specified by the designer, depends on the many conditions pertaining to the design as well as on past experience with similar products if such experience is available.要使產(chǎn)品能夠以較低的價(jià)格被生產(chǎn)出來并且能夠滿足設(shè)計(jì)的要求，規(guī)定適當(dāng)?shù)募庸す钍亲顬橹匾墓ぷ鳌Ｔ试S每個(gè)尺寸在規(guī)定范圍內(nèi)具有一定的變動(dòng)量，稱為公差。Engineers gene rally agree that the puter does not change the nature of the design process but is a significant tool that improves efficiency and productivity工程師們通常認(rèn)為計(jì)算機(jī)不會(huì)改變設(shè)計(jì)過程的性質(zhì)。graphics has an aimost limitless number Lesson36 engin lathes ,of course ,are generalpurpose machines used in production and maintenance shops all over the world.普通車床是全世界的生產(chǎn)車間和維修車間里廣泛使用的通用機(jī)床。一旦這些刀具被安裝調(diào)整好后只只需要很低的技術(shù)就可以車削加工很多相同的零件。 A vertical turret lathe is basically a turret lathe that has been stood on its headstock end.立式磚塔車床基本上就是將其從床頭箱一端向下而豎立起來的一臺(tái)磚塔車床。 planner must manage and retrieve a great deal of data and many documents , including established standards , machinability data ,machine specifications ,tooling inventories, stock availability ,and existing process plans.工藝人員應(yīng)該管理和檢索大量的數(shù)據(jù)和很多文件。這種數(shù)據(jù)可以傳遞到計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造體系中的另一個(gè)系統(tǒng)中，用以編制工藝規(guī)程。 the generative approach ,an attempt is made to synthesize each individual plan using appropriate algorithms that define the various technological decisions that must be made in the course of manufacturing.在創(chuàng)成法中，通過采用確定加工制造過程中各種工藝決策的適當(dāng)算法，將各個(gè)單獨(dú)的工藝規(guī)程綜合起來。 Numerical control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines, they can produce parts more uniformly, they are faster, and the longrun tooling costs lower. 數(shù)字控制的機(jī)器比人工操縱的機(jī)器的精度更高、生產(chǎn)零件的一致性更好、生產(chǎn)速度更快，而且長期的工藝裝備成本更低。Lesson71 A robot is a reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator designed to move material,parts tool,or specialized devicds through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks 翻譯：機(jī)器人是一個(gè)可以改編程序的多功能操作器，被設(shè)計(jì)用來按照預(yù)先編制的 、能夠完成多種作業(yè)運(yùn)動(dòng)的程序來運(yùn)送材料、零件、工具或者專用裝置。Robots and robor cells must be carefually designed and configured so that they do not dangerous to humans.翻譯：應(yīng)該仔細(xì)的設(shè)計(jì)和配置機(jī)器人和機(jī)器人單元，是它們不會(huì)傷害 人類和