【正文】 政府和英國(guó)簽訂了損害美國(guó)主權(quán)的杰伊條約。杰斐遜政府廢除上述4項(xiàng)法令，削減開支，減輕稅收，取消酒稅，鼓勵(lì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口。為維護(hù)航海自由，1812—1814年美國(guó)進(jìn)行了第2次對(duì)英戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。1814年12月，英美在今比利時(shí)的根特簽訂和約。北部發(fā)展海上貿(mào)易，擴(kuò)大航運(yùn)業(yè)。從19世紀(jì)初期起，大量資金投放于工商業(yè)，工業(yè)生產(chǎn)得到發(fā)展。2／3的制造品由東北部生產(chǎn)。1820年北部對(duì)南部作出讓步，達(dá)成《密蘇里妥協(xié)案》，雙方爭(zhēng)執(zhí)暫時(shí)乎息。1814年美英戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)即將結(jié)束時(shí)，聯(lián)邦黨召集哈特福德會(huì)議，圖謀分裂聯(lián)邦，但遭失敗，因而瓦解。1828年，成立了民主黨，推選A．杰克遜為總統(tǒng)候選人，杰克遜當(dāng)選并連任總統(tǒng)至1837年3月。18281856年，民主黨和輝格黨成為對(duì)峙的兩大政黨。1848年，廢奴主義者，民主黨和輝格黨內(nèi)反對(duì)奴隸制的人組織了自由土壤黨，以在西部地域建立自由州為宗旨。1856年。1860年總統(tǒng)選舉中，共和黨候選人A．林肯獲勝。次年5月，林肯頒布《宅地法》，允許耕種西部土地5年的農(nóng)民，在繳納10美元證件費(fèi)后獲得160英畝土地的使用權(quán)，使在西部墾殖的廣大農(nóng)民，站在廢奴派一邊，孤立了南部同盟。南北戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)以聯(lián)邦勝利宣告結(jié)束?？植澜M織三K黨于1866年成立，對(duì)剛獲得自由的黑人施以私刑。標(biāo)志著民主重建的結(jié)束。19世紀(jì)后半葉農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化迅速發(fā)展。電力廣泛應(yīng)用于工業(yè)，導(dǎo)致美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的全面發(fā)展。1903年美國(guó)奪取了巴拿馬運(yùn)河區(qū)。在1912年總統(tǒng)選舉中，民主黨總統(tǒng)候選人T．W．威爾遜上臺(tái)。1916年，威爾遜當(dāng)選連任。第一次世界大戰(zhàn)促進(jìn)了美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮。美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)由于固定資本更新，建筑業(yè)興起，汽車和鋼鐵工業(yè)等擴(kuò)大以及商品和資本輸出激增，1923年美國(guó)工商業(yè)出現(xiàn)了新高漲。但由于國(guó)內(nèi)新興工業(yè)畸形發(fā)展與生產(chǎn)過(guò)剩，使國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)各部門比例嚴(yán)重失調(diào)，生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)脫節(jié)，農(nóng)業(yè)長(zhǎng)期陷于慢性危機(jī)，1929年10月美國(guó)首先爆發(fā)經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)，隨后資本主義各國(guó)陸續(xù)陷入19291933年世界性經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)。1937年新的經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)再度出現(xiàn)。8月14日，羅斯福與英國(guó)首相丘吉爾發(fā)表《大西洋憲章》，9月24日蘇聯(lián)政府聲明同意其基本原則，接著召開莫斯科三國(guó)會(huì)議，奠定了美英蘇戰(zhàn)時(shí)合作的基礎(chǔ)。1942年5月，美軍在中途島海戰(zhàn)中擊退日軍。1943年2月斯大林格勒戰(zhàn)役的勝利，使歐洲反法西斯戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的局勢(shì)發(fā)生根本性變化。1943年 11月，羅斯福、丘吉爾、斯大林舉行德黑蘭會(huì)議。7月，美英蘇三國(guó)首腦舉行波茨坦會(huì)議，美英就處理德國(guó)、波蘭等問題與蘇聯(lián)達(dá)成協(xié)議。杜魯門任命D．麥克阿瑟為盟國(guó)駐日最高統(tǒng)帥，美軍進(jìn)駐日本，實(shí)現(xiàn)了由美國(guó)獨(dú)家控制日本的局面。1950年6月，朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)。1955年7月美、英、法、蘇四國(guó)首腦會(huì)議召開，國(guó)際形勢(shì)有所緩和。在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)及朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間，由于有黑人參加作戰(zhàn)，軍隊(duì)中取消了種族隔離制度，這一事實(shí)推動(dòng)了國(guó)內(nèi)黑人爭(zhēng)取民權(quán)的斗爭(zhēng)。同時(shí)，由于他們卷入越南戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，支付巨額軍費(fèi)，消耗了美國(guó)大量財(cái)富，使美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力大為削弱，而聯(lián)邦德國(guó)和日本經(jīng)濟(jì)迅速發(fā)展，逐漸成為美國(guó)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手。1969年R．M．尼克松上臺(tái)后，美國(guó)陷入越戰(zhàn)泥淖不能自拔，經(jīng)常性的財(cái)政赤字和龐大的軍費(fèi)開支，加劇了通貨膨脹，處于內(nèi)外交困境地。1975年5月，正式宣布越南戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束。80年代，美蘇軍備競(jìng)賽從數(shù)量方面轉(zhuǎn)向質(zhì)量方面。1987年，美國(guó)以保護(hù)海灣通航的名義，派遣軍事力量去海灣，同伊朗多次發(fā)生軍事沖突。迫使其退出科威特。1999年初，美國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)北約向南聯(lián)盟發(fā)動(dòng)空中打擊。1987年10月雖發(fā)生股市暴跌風(fēng)潮，美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)情況仍較平穩(wěn)，但財(cái)政赤字和外貿(mào)赤字仍是美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的隱憂。2. Of the millions who saw Haley39。6. The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse.，其對(duì)水，交通和垃圾處理的需求就會(huì)越大。9. The difference between libel and slander is that libel is printed while slander is spoken.，而后者是口頭的。s reputation as a great jazzblues singer rests on her ability to give emotional depth to her songs.12. Billie Holiday39。15. Thanks to modern irrigation, crops now grow abundantly in areas where once nothing but cacti and sagebrush could live.(技術(shù)設(shè)施)之賜，農(nóng)作物在原來(lái)只有仙人掌和蕎屬科植物才能生存的地方旺盛的生長(zhǎng)。19. When it is struck, a tuning fork produces an almost pure tone, retaining its pitch over a long period of time.，產(chǎn)生幾乎純質(zhì)的音調(diào)，其音量經(jīng)久不衰。23. Over a very large number of trials, the probability of an event39。25. The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is not clearly understood.。29. Alexander Graham Bell once told his family that he would rather be remembered as a teacher of the deaf than as the inventor of the telephone.29. Alexander Graham Bell曾告訴家人，他更愿意讓后人記住他是聾子的老師，而非電話的發(fā)明者。33. Research into the dynamics of storms is directed toward improving the ability to predict these events and thus to minimize damage and avoid loss of life.，避免人員傷亡。36. One of the wildest and most inaccessible parts of the United States is the Everglades where wildlife is abundant and largely protected.36. Everglades是美國(guó)境內(nèi)最為荒涼和人跡罕至的地區(qū)之一，此處有大量的野生動(dòng)植物而且大多受(法律)保護(hù)。38. The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than those of the domestic marketer.。s manufacturing is greater than that of its mining and farming bined.。 enthusiasm more than the expansion of educational facilities for immigrants to the United States. Williams的熱情。48. In his writing, John Crowe Ransom describes what he considers the spiritual barrenness of society brought about by science and technology.48. John Crowe Ransom在他的著作中描述了他認(rèn)為是由科學(xué)技術(shù)給社會(huì)帶來(lái)的精神貧困。52. Anarchism is a term describing a cluster of doctrines and attitudes whose principal uniting feature is the belief that government is both harmful and unnecessary.53. Probably no man had more effect on the daily lives of most people in the Untied States than did Henry Ford a pioneer in automobile production.。57. During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory became what is now Indiana and Ohio.，小烏龜是邁阿密部落的酋長(zhǎng)，該部落的地盤就是今天的印第安那州和俄亥俄州。61. Buyers and sellers should be aware of new developments in technology can and does affect marketing activities.，原因很簡(jiǎn)單，因?yàn)榧夹g(shù)能夠并且已經(jīng)影響著營(yíng)銷活動(dòng)。65. Although mockingbirds superbly mimic the songs and calls of many birds, they can nonetheless be quickly identified as mockingbirds by certain aural clues.，但人類還是能夠依其聲音上的線索很快識(shí)別它們。69. Snow aids farmers by keeping heart in the lower ground levels, thereby saving the seeds from freezing.，因?yàn)樗３值貙油寥赖臏囟龋狗N子不致凍死。73. Starting around 7000 ., and for the next four thousand years, much of the Northern Hemisphere experienced temperatures warmer than at present.，在四千年當(dāng)中，北半球的溫度比現(xiàn)在高。77. Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck hunting, but the American Kennel Club does not consider them sporting dogs because they are now primarily kept as pets.，但是美國(guó)Kennel Club卻不承認(rèn)它們?yōu)楂C犬，因?yàn)樗鼈儸F(xiàn)在大多數(shù)作為寵物飼養(yǎng)。81. Television, the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth, is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world.，這項(xiàng)從迅速變化和成長(zhǎng)為標(biāo)志的最普及和最有影響力的現(xiàn)代技術(shù)，正在步入一個(gè)新時(shí)代，一個(gè)極為成熟和多樣化的時(shí)代，這將重塑我們的生活和世界。84. His teaching began at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, but William Rainey Harper lured him to the new university of Chicago, where he remained officially for exactly a generation and where his students in advanced position found him terrifyingly frigid in the classroom but sympathetic and understanding in their personal conferences.，但是William Rainey Harper把他吸引到了新成立的芝加哥大學(xué)。她的肌肉不能讓他哪怕在很短的距離以內(nèi)以每小時(shí)一公里的速度移動(dòng)。88. When the persuading and the planning for the western railroads had finally been pleted, the really challenging task remained: the dangerous, sweaty, backbreaking, brawling business of actually building the lines.，真正艱難的任務(wù)還沒有開始；即危險(xiǎn)，吃力，需要傷筋動(dòng)骨和吵吵嚷嚷的建造這些鐵路的實(shí)際工作。92. Stone does decay, and so tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the man who made them have disappeared without trace.，所以以前的(石器)工具能保存下來(lái)，雖然它們的制造者已經(jīng)消失的無(wú)影無(wú)蹤。不過(guò)他們并不是刻意去追求刺激的。它們帶有自由的氣息，他