【正文】 的人/物)：指和上文提過(guò)的相同的人和物； it (這人/這物)：指不太清楚是誰(shuí)或者是什么時(shí)。Do you know the man who is wearing a red hat? (你認(rèn)識(shí)那個(gè)戴著紅帽子的男人嗎？)(3) 關(guān)系代詞which 指物,如果作從句的賓語(yǔ),則有時(shí)省略。(1) some和 any：some一般用于肯定句中，作定語(yǔ)時(shí)可修飾可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞。Come here with any friend.(隨便帶什么朋友來(lái)吧。如：I know all of the four British students in their school.(他們學(xué)校里四個(gè)英國(guó)學(xué)生我全認(rèn)識(shí)) / Would you like this one or that one? –Both.(4) every和each：every只能作定語(yǔ)修飾單數(shù)名詞,意思是“每一個(gè)”,表示整體概念；each可用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等,意思是“每個(gè)”或“各個(gè)”,表示單個(gè)概念；可以放在名詞前或后跟of短語(yǔ),與動(dòng)詞同時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí)要放在“be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞”之后或行為動(dòng)詞之前。如：I don’t care much for what to drink. Either of the two will do. (我不介意喝些什么,兩個(gè)之中隨便哪個(gè)都行) / Will you go there by bus or by car? –Neither. I will go there by train.(你坐公車去還是坐轎車去？一個(gè)都不坐,我坐火車去。He is very poor and he has little money.(他很窮,幾乎沒(méi)有什么錢。定語(yǔ)后置。) (10) a lot of、lots of、a number of( /large numbers of)、a great deal of、plenty of：a lot of(或lots of)、plenty of既可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞也可以修飾可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式；a number of / large numbers of只可修飾可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)，可以換為some、many、a lot of、plenty of。) I have a number of letters to write today.(今天我有好多信要寫(xiě)) I spend a great deal of time/money on shopping.(在購(gòu)物方面我花費(fèi)了大量的時(shí)間/金錢。)9. 相互代詞：表示相互關(guān)系的詞叫相互代詞。)10. 疑問(wèn)代詞：用來(lái)提出問(wèn)題的代詞稱為疑問(wèn)代詞。如：1/5→one fifth 。 1/4→a quarter 。如：There is a dog lying on the ground.(2) 表示某類人或事物,以區(qū)別于其他種類。如：He is a teacher of English.(他是英語(yǔ)教師。如：The man with a flower in his hand is Jack..(2) 指談話雙方都熟悉的人或事物。如：The earth turns around the sun.(地球繞太陽(yáng)旋轉(zhuǎn)。如：He began to play the violin at the age of 5.(8) 用在江河、海洋、山脈等名稱的前面。如：Lucy and Lily look the same.(露西和莉莉看上去長(zhǎng)得一樣)(12) 幾個(gè)用定冠詞的習(xí)語(yǔ)：at the same time (與此同時(shí)),make the bed(鋪床),in the end(最后),all the time(一直),by the way(順便說(shuō)一下),on the way(在路上)等等。如：He was born on Monday, February 18,1995.(他出生在1995年二月十八日,星期一) / They usually plant trees on the hills in spring.(春天他們通常在山上植樹(shù))(4) (第一次使用)復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示人或事物的類別時(shí)不用。如：The children play football on Saturday afternoons.(8) 城市的重要/主要建筑物名稱前不用。如：We must try our best to keep our environment clean.(我們必須盡力保持我們的環(huán)境清潔)(4) 后置的情況：a) 修飾復(fù)合不定代詞。如：He was busy the whole morning.(整個(gè)早晨他都很忙) / He can remember all the words he learns.(他能記住學(xué)過(guò)的所有單詞)(2) tall與high, short與low：指人的個(gè)子時(shí)用tall與short；指其他事物時(shí)一般用high與low。如：I have never seen such a foolish(愚蠢的) boy.(我從來(lái)沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)這么蠢的男孩) / He had such a terrible accident that he could never forget it.(他遭遇了這么可怕的事故,他永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)忘記)(6) good與well：表示“好”時(shí),作定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)用good,作狀語(yǔ)用well；表示“(身體)好”：Doing sports is good for us.(進(jìn)行運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)我們有益) / Study well and make progress every day.(好好學(xué)習(xí),天天向上) / How are you?—I am very well.(你好嗎？我很好。如：After a quick breakfast, he hurried to school leaving his bag at home.(匆匆地吃過(guò)早飯,他朝學(xué)校趕去,卻把書(shū)包忘記在家) / A train is much faster than a bus.(火車比公共汽車快得多) / His father will be back to China very soon.(他父親很快就要返回中國(guó))(10) lonely與alone：lonely是表示心理活動(dòng)的形容詞,意思是：“孤獨(dú)的,寂寞的”,作定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)；alone的意思是：“獨(dú)自的,單獨(dú)的”,指無(wú)人陪伴,僅作表語(yǔ),(作為副詞的alone可作狀語(yǔ))。另外,special還可以表示特別的目的。例如：A living language should be learned orally.(活的語(yǔ)言應(yīng)該從口頭上學(xué))(被動(dòng)句) We have a living hope that you will succeed.(我們強(qiáng)烈地希望你能成功)Is she still alive?(她還活著嗎？) They are the happiest children alive.(他們是活著的最開(kāi)心的孩子) This is a live fish.(這是條活魚(yú)) / A live wire is dangerous.(有電的電線是危險(xiǎn)的)She is as lively as a kitten.(她像小貓一樣可愛(ài)) He gave a lively description of the football match.(他生動(dòng)地描述了那場(chǎng)足球賽)(15) sick與ill：sick和ill都表示“生病的”,但是,sick可以做定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ),而ill只能做表語(yǔ)。如：They have already been to the UK twice.(他們?nèi)ミ^(guò)英王國(guó)兩次) / Soon the lost boy found his way back home.(不久迷路的孩子找到了回家的路)b) 頻度副詞：Sometimes I get up early.(我有時(shí)起得早)/ The workers usually have lunch at the factory.(工人們通常在廠里吃午飯) / Take this medicine twice a day.(這種藥一天吃兩次)c) 方式副詞：一般放在行為動(dòng)詞之后,suddenly可以放在句首、句尾或動(dòng)詞之前。如：I nearly forgot all about it if he did not tell me again.(如果他不再次告訴我,我?guī)缀醢涯鞘氯? / It was so strange that I could hardly believe my ears.(它那么奇怪一直我都不能相信我的耳朵) / She got to the station early enough to catch the first bus.(她早早地趕到車站趕上了首班車)f) 疑問(wèn)副詞：用于對(duì)句子的狀語(yǔ)進(jìn)行提問(wèn),位置總是在句首。) (2) 作表語(yǔ)：地點(diǎn)副詞一般可以作表語(yǔ),放在be等連系動(dòng)詞之后,說(shuō)明人物所處的位置。) / Father kept him in and doing his lessons.(父親把他關(guān)在家里做作業(yè))[注] “動(dòng)詞+副詞”的賓語(yǔ)如果是代詞,則該副詞應(yīng)該放在代詞之后。如：Please ring me up as soon as you get to Beijing.(請(qǐng)你一到北京就給我寫(xiě)信。)/ They stayed in the cave(山洞)as long as two weeks.(他們呆在山洞里長(zhǎng)達(dá)兩周。如：He had an accident a week ago.(一周前出了一個(gè)事故)/ Some years later, the boy became a very famous singer.(數(shù)年后這個(gè)男孩成了著名的歌唱家)/ Have you been there before?(你從前到過(guò)那兒?jiǎn)幔?/ After a few years he gave up smoking.(過(guò)了幾年他戒了煙。)(4) enough、too、so、very、quite、very much的用法： enough (“足夠,十分”)放在形容詞或副詞之后；too(“太”)、very(“非?！?、quite(“相當(dāng)”)、so(“如此地”)等放在形容詞或副詞之前,very much(“非?！?放在動(dòng)詞之后。如：Sometimes they go hiking in the mountains.(他們有時(shí)徒步旅行到山里去)/ I will stay here some time.(我會(huì)在這兒呆些時(shí)候的。)(8) hard與hardly的用法：hard作為副詞意思是：“努力地,猛烈地”,hardly是否定詞,意思是：“幾乎不”,一般與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can/could連用。③rather+a+形容詞+名詞 = a+ rather+形容詞+名詞。如：This park is much more beautiful than that one.(這個(gè)公園比那個(gè)漂亮多了)/ It is the most instructive film I have ever seen.(這是我看過(guò)的最有教育意義的電影)(13) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中,方式副詞一般放在be與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間。基本句型：主語(yǔ)(‘A’)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+(much/a little/even/still)+比較級(jí)+than+第二個(gè)人物(‘B’)+….A modern train is much faster than a car.(現(xiàn)代的火車比轎車快多了) / This book didn’t cost me more than that one.(這本書(shū)花費(fèi)我的錢不比那本多) 講述兩者有差異,第一個(gè)人物不及第二個(gè)人物時(shí),用比較級(jí)。如：It is much colder today than yesterday.(今天比昨天冷多了)/ Would you like some more coffee?(你還要些咖啡嗎？)/He did not eat any more.(他沒(méi)有再吃)(3) more than / less than分別可以理解為“多于/少于”,相當(dāng)于副詞,more than=over。如： Do you like the smaller one?—Neither.(小一點(diǎn)的那個(gè)你喜歡嗎？一個(gè)都不喜歡)/ Which do you like best? –All of them!(你最喜歡哪個(gè)？全部。2. 介詞短語(yǔ)的句法作用：介詞短語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞或副詞,可用作狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。如：It’s too hard for me to finish the work in only one hour.(讓我在區(qū)區(qū)一個(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)工作太難了)/ The house is big enough for 10 men to live in.(房子夠大的可以容10個(gè)人住)(3) of有時(shí)用來(lái)表示后面的人物正好是前面的表語(yǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ)。He has a younger brother who he must take good care of.(他有 一個(gè)需要他照顧的小弟。如：He said that he would be here after 6：00. / My father is ing back from England in about a month. e的進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)(3) since與for表示時(shí)間的用法區(qū)別：“since+(具體時(shí)刻/that從句)”表示“自從…起一直到現(xiàn)在”,“for +(一段時(shí)間)”表示“總共有…之久”,都常用于完成時(shí)態(tài)；如：Uncle Li has worked in this factory since 1970. / Uncle Li has worked in this factory for over 30 years. (4) by、in與with表示方式的用法區(qū)別： by主要表示“乘坐”某個(gè)交通工具或“以……方式”,在被動(dòng)句中可以表示動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者；in表示“使用”某種語(yǔ)言/文字,with表示“使用”某個(gè)