【正文】 的屋頂間（電梯機房、水箱間等）、煙囪、女兒墻等附屬結(jié)構(gòu)，由于地震 “ 鞭端效應(yīng) ” 的影響，所以一般較下部主體結(jié)構(gòu)破壞嚴(yán)重，幾乎在 6 度區(qū)就發(fā)現(xiàn)有所破壞。這是因為砂漿的強度，灰縫的飽滿程度直接影響砌體的抗剪、抗拉強度，而縱橫墻體間及其它構(gòu)件間的可靠聯(lián)結(jié)是保證房屋整體性的重 要措施，因而直接影響房屋的抗震能力。其中，施工質(zhì)量的低劣造成的損失是一個非常沉痛的教訓(xùn)。邊區(qū)人民盼望多年才建起來的醫(yī)院、學(xué)校、住宅等大量建筑就這樣毀于一旦。 （ 3）房屋構(gòu)件（墻片、樓蓋、屋蓋）間連接強度不足，整體性差。 需要說明的是，多層砌體房屋在強烈地震襲擊下易倒塌，因此防倒塌是多層砌體房屋抗震設(shè)計的重要內(nèi)容，這方面應(yīng)從搞好抗震概念設(shè)計來加以解決，不再進(jìn)行罕遇地震作用的變形驗算。 9 橫墻承重的砌體結(jié)構(gòu)，由于橫墻開洞較少，橫墻間距小，又有縱墻在縱向拉結(jié)，所以房屋整 體剛度大，整體性好，具有較好的傳遞地震作用的能力。 縱橫墻的布置應(yīng)均勻?qū)ΨQ，豎向應(yīng)上下連續(xù) 墻體是承擔(dān)地震作用的主要構(gòu)件，墻體的布置和間距對房屋的空間剛度和整體性影響很大。 對于多層砌體房屋，防震縫的設(shè)置應(yīng)符合《建筑抗震設(shè)計規(guī)范》 (GB500112020)(2020 年版 ) 第 條的規(guī)定。因此，從技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)角度來看，對砌體房屋總高度應(yīng)予以限制。同時，其頂層的層高又較 大，墻體受嵌入墻內(nèi)的樓梯段的削弱，所以，樓梯間的震害比其他部位嚴(yán)重。 10 4 增強砌體房屋的整體性及剛度 采用現(xiàn)澆鋼筋砼樓板及屋蓋 房屋是縱橫向承重構(gòu)件和樓屋蓋組成的一個具有空間剛度的結(jié)構(gòu)體系，其抗震能力的 強弱取決于結(jié)構(gòu)的空間整體剛度和整體穩(wěn)定性。 合理設(shè)置圈梁和構(gòu)造柱 1976 年的唐山大地震和 2020 年的汶川大地震震害調(diào)查表明，兩次地震砌體結(jié)構(gòu)破壞嚴(yán)重的 原因在于沒有合理的設(shè)置構(gòu)造柱和圈梁，或者是構(gòu)造柱上下端箍筋應(yīng)加密而沒有加密。因此，在各樓層柱高處 必須有圈梁作為錨固點，有了二者的拉結(jié)作用，才能形成對上下和左右墻段的約束作用 ，從而限制墻體開裂發(fā)展，并減少裂縫與水平面的夾角，保證墻體的整體性和變形能力，提 高墻體 的抗剪能力。 11 5 砌體房屋抗震計算分 析 確定多層砌體結(jié)構(gòu)房屋的計算簡圖，應(yīng)考慮以下幾點：①將水平地震作用在建筑物兩個主軸方向分別進(jìn)行抗震驗算。 6 多層砌體結(jié)構(gòu)房屋的地震破壞形式 房屋預(yù)制板樓、屋蓋遭到破壞；樓梯間墻 體破壞；外縱墻破壞；縱墻在室外地坪處產(chǎn)生水平裂縫；外縱墻洞口間墻體 x 型裂縫；房屋結(jié)構(gòu)的其它破壞形式。建筑物墻角的破壞也是很常見的，主要是因為應(yīng)力集中和地震的扭轉(zhuǎn)作用造成的。③依據(jù)《規(guī)范》合理的設(shè)置防震縫。突出屋面結(jié)構(gòu)明顯存在剛度突變的問題，其抗震設(shè)計應(yīng)注意采取可靠措施。 9 結(jié)語 房屋的砌體結(jié)構(gòu)在一定程度上被認(rèn)為是較為簡單的結(jié)構(gòu)形式，并且在相應(yīng)的建筑設(shè)計領(lǐng)域得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。 13 參考文獻(xiàn) [1]建筑抗震設(shè)計規(guī)范 (gb500112020)[s].中國建筑工業(yè)出版社 , 2020 [2]砌體結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計規(guī)范 (gb500032020)[s].中國建筑工業(yè)出版社 , 2020 [3] 李立軍 . 多層砌體結(jié)構(gòu)房屋抗震設(shè)計 [j]. 煤炭工程， 2020， (01). [4] 賴志華 . 砌體結(jié)構(gòu)的抗震設(shè)計理念 [j]. 內(nèi)江科技， 2020， (01) [5] 魏寶成， 呂心雨 . 淺談底部框架砌體房屋抗震設(shè)計 [j]. 黑龍江科技信息， 2020， (20) 請您刪除一下內(nèi)容， O(∩ _∩ )O 謝謝?。?！ Many people have the same mixed feelings when planning a trip during Golden Week. With heaps of time, the sevenday Chinese 請您刪除一下內(nèi)容， O(∩ _∩ )O 謝謝?。?！ National Day holiday could be the best occasion to enjoy a destination. However, it can also be the easiest way to ruin how you feel about a place and you may bee more fatigued after the holiday, due to battling the large crowds. During peak season, a dream about a place can turn to nightmare without careful planning, especially if you travel with children and older people. As most Chinese people will take the holiday to visit domestic tourist destinations, crowds and busy traffic are inevitable at most places. Also to be expected are increasing transport and acmodation prices, with the possibility that there will be no rooms available. It is also mon that you39。s misery, the cow told him to turn its hide into a pair of shoes after it died. The magic shoes whisked Niulang, who carried his two children in baskets strung from a shoulder pole, off on a chase after the empress. The pursuit enraged the empress, who took her hairpin and slashed it across the sky creating t he Milky Way which separated husband from wife. But all was not lost as magpies, moved by their love and devotion, formed a bridge across the Milky Way to reunite the family. Even the Jade Emperor was touched, and allowed Niulang and Zhinu to meet 14 once a year on the seventh night of the seventh month. This is how Qixi came to be. The festival can be traced back to the Han Dynasty (206 BCAD 220). Traditionally, people would look up at the sky and find a bright star in the constellation Aquila as well as the star Vega, which are identified as Niulang and Zhinu. The two stars shine on opposite sides of the Milky Way. Customs In bygone days, Qixi was not only a special day for lovers, but also for girls. It is also known as the Begging for Skills Fest ival or Daughters39。s Day! in shops, hotels and restaurants. But few young women will mark the festival with their boyfriends, or take part in traditional activities to pray for cleverness.