英美概況各章節(jié)重點(diǎn)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)整理-預(yù)覽頁(yè)
【正文】 ides with a new tax based on annual rents and chatells. ? Judicial reform: divided the country into 6 circuits. Itinerant judges focused their attention on baron’s property and abuse of privileges. Decisions made by a circuit court was regarded as a precedent judgment, being the basis of the Common Law 習(xí)慣法 . ? the Common Law is a judgemade or casemade law based on the various of local customs of the AS, it was mon to the whole people as distinct from law governing only a little munity。Section one： Origin of the English Nation The native Celts ? The Celtic tribes are ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Irish, and the Welsh. And the Celtic language is the basis of Welsh and Gaelic. ? Religion: Druidism. ? Stonehenge: the circular arrangement of large stones in Wiltshire, near Salisbury, England, was probably built between about 3000 and 1000 by Celts, but its function remains unknown. Roman Britain (55BC410AD) ? Romans got possession of England by driving native Celts into Scotland and Wales. They failed to conquer Scotland. They built two great walls: the Hadrian39。s tenants=in chief, made up the upper landed class. They give fiefs to subvassals (known as lesser nobles, knights, and free man).They should take oaths of loyalty to the king directly as well as to their immediate overlords. ? William built the Tower of London as a military fortress. He replaced the Witan with the Great Council that was posed of his tenantsinchief. ? Domesday Book: in order to have a reliable record of all lands and discover how much his tenantsinchief could be called upon to pay by way of taxes, William sent his clerks to make investigations. These clerks finally piled a property record known as Domesday Book in book stated the extent, value, population, and ownership of the land. Section two： The Great Charter and Beginning of Parliament Henry II 39。s war. She leaded peasants successfully to drive the English out of France. ? The war sped up the decline of feudalism. Gunpowder is a blow to the knights, who are pillars of feudal order and the “flower of feudalism”. ? The Black Death: It is a modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread through Europe in the fourteenth century particularly in 13481349. It came without warning, and without any cure. In England, it killed almost half of the total population, causing farreaching economic consequences. (change serfdom 農(nóng)奴身份 to paid labour) ? The government issued a Statute of Labour, saying it is a crime for peasants to ask more wages. Otherwise, they will be branded with the letter“ F” on their forehead. The peasant uprising (1381) ? The government imposed a flat rate poll tax to fund the hundred years’ war. Wat Tyler led the rebels. The uprising dealt a telling blow to villeinage 隸農(nóng)制 . A whole new class of yeomen farmers 自耕農(nóng) emerged, paving the way for the development of capitalism. The wars of the Roses (14551485) ? The wars of Roses ： After the Hundred Year39
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