環(huán)境生態(tài)學(xué)---第五章 溫度與代謝-預(yù)覽頁
【正文】 rate of development is plotted against body temperature there exists an extended range of temperatures over which the relationship is linear. ‘Physiological time’ is a measurement bining temperature and time and applied to ectothermic anisms, which reflects that growth and development of these anisms is dependent on environmental temperature as well as time. Temperature and rates of enzyme reaction Rates of development and growth E2 RESPONSES TO TEMPERATURE E2 對溫度的響應(yīng) 要 點 溫度和酶反應(yīng)速度 酶催化反應(yīng)的速度隨溫度而增加。當用發(fā)育速度對體溫做圖時，存在著一個直線相關(guān)的溫度范圍。 范霍夫定律：指溫度每升高 10℃ ，化學(xué)過程的速率即加快 2～ 3倍。 有效積溫法則及其意義 ? 有效積溫法則 ? 植物在生長發(fā)育過程中必須從環(huán)境攝取一定的熱量才能完成某一發(fā)育階段的發(fā)育過程，而且各個發(fā)育階段所需的總熱量是一個常數(shù)，稱總積溫或有效積溫，因此可用公式： N?T＝K 表示，考慮到生物開始發(fā)育的溫度，又可寫成： N ( T－C )＝ K, T＝ C＋ K／ N ，其中， N為發(fā)育歷期，即生長發(fā)育所需時間， T為發(fā)育期間的平均溫度， C是發(fā)育起點溫度，又稱生物學(xué)零度， K是總積溫（常數(shù)） 。有機體在實驗室里暴露到較高（或較低）的溫度能夠改變有機體的溫度反應(yīng)。 植物引種包括生產(chǎn)引種和植物種質(zhì)資源引種。然而當考慮物種分布的時候，很難歸結(jié)于溫度的作用。總的說來，一個有機體的分布界限不是由致死溫度所決定，而是由造成競爭強弱條件所決定。 黃山松 馬尾松 變溫與溫周期現(xiàn)象 ? 溫周期現(xiàn)象 ：由于地表太陽輻射的周期性變化產(chǎn)生溫度有規(guī)律的晝夜變化，許多生物適應(yīng)了變溫環(huán)境，多數(shù)生物在變溫下比恒溫下生長得更好。 The effects of temperature on individuals may be moderated by evolved differences. Allen’s rule states that endothermic animals from cold climates tend to have shorter extremities (ears and legs) pared with animals from warmer climates, thus reducing their surface area: volume ratio. This rule has widespread applicability. Bergmann’s rule states that mammals tend to be larger in colder areas than warm climates, again to reduce their surface area: volume ratio. This rule does not have widespread interspecific applicability due to other important factors involved in determining body weight, but is often true intraspecifically. Evolved response to temperature Related topics Temperature and metabolism (E1) The nature of petition (I1) Responses to temperature (E2) Ecosystem patterns (S1) 對溫度的進化反應(yīng) 溫度對個體的影響被進化的變異減弱。這個規(guī)律沒有廣泛的種間的適用性，是由于在測定體重中牽涉到其它的重要因子，但是在種內(nèi)經(jīng)常是真實的。 北極狐 赤狐 大耳狐
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