【正文】 目標(biāo) ,合作的意愿 ,情感的溝通 德魯克提出 ,企業(yè)目標(biāo)惟一有效的定義就是創(chuàng)造利潤(rùn) . 惟一有效的定義就是創(chuàng)造顧客 ,以人為中心的兩種管理思想統(tǒng)一起來(lái) ,是對(duì)管理學(xué)的重要貢獻(xiàn) . 目標(biāo)管理把以工作為中心 ,以人為中心的兩種管理思想統(tǒng)一起來(lái) ,實(shí)行 效益至上 . 目標(biāo)管理強(qiáng)調(diào)成果 ,實(shí)行 能力至上 ,提出了新的業(yè)績(jī)?cè)u(píng)價(jià)方法 ,提出下屬人員承擔(dān)為企業(yè)設(shè)置短期目標(biāo)的責(zé)任 ,并同其上司一起 檢查這些目標(biāo)的責(zé)任 . 提出下屬人員承擔(dān)為自己設(shè)置短期目標(biāo)的責(zé)任 ,因此 ,企業(yè)在發(fā)展過(guò)程中 ,要強(qiáng)調(diào)企業(yè)的中長(zhǎng)期目標(biāo) . 企業(yè)在發(fā)展過(guò)程中 ,要將短期目標(biāo)與中長(zhǎng)期目標(biāo)相結(jié)合 50 年代中期出版了《管理革命》一書 ,提出目標(biāo)管理思想 ,他強(qiáng)調(diào) ,影響企業(yè)健康發(fā)展的所有方面都必須建立目標(biāo) . 出版了《管理實(shí)踐》 一書 ,目標(biāo)期限要適中 .在大多數(shù)情況下 ,目標(biāo)設(shè)置可以與年度預(yù)算或主要項(xiàng)目的完成期限相一致 . √ ,管理者必須進(jìn)行控制 .有力的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)控制是實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)動(dòng)態(tài)控制的關(guān)鍵 . 積極的自我控制與有力的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)控制相結(jié)合是實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)動(dòng)態(tài)控制的關(guān)鍵 ,結(jié)合日本企業(yè)管理的特點(diǎn) ,將目標(biāo)管理理論賦予人性化的個(gè)性 ,形成自己的管理風(fēng)格 . 將目標(biāo)管理理論賦予日本化的個(gè)性 . 對(duì)企業(yè)銷售收入及其變化趨勢(shì)的預(yù)測(cè)就是市場(chǎng)預(yù)測(cè) ,對(duì)事物變化發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)作出定性的描述 ,這就是經(jīng)濟(jì)預(yù)測(cè) .它往往用于對(duì)事物遠(yuǎn)期前景的預(yù)測(cè) . 依 靠人的知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn) ,對(duì)事物變化發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)作出定性的描述 ,這就是定性預(yù)測(cè) ,如對(duì)未來(lái)幾個(gè)月的銷售量的預(yù)測(cè)等 . 定性預(yù)測(cè)往往用于對(duì)事物中短期變化趨勢(shì)的預(yù)測(cè) ,是為了解決現(xiàn)在面臨的 ,待解決的新問(wèn)題以及將來(lái)會(huì)出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題 ,所以決策是行動(dòng)的基礎(chǔ) .這就是決策的目標(biāo)性特征 . 這就是決策的目標(biāo)性特征 ,這樣才能保證決策方案切實(shí)可行 .這就是決策的科學(xué)性特征 . 這就是決策的可行性特征 ,它是指為了實(shí)現(xiàn)戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo) ,而作出的帶有局部性的具體決策 .它主要由企業(yè)高層領(lǐng)導(dǎo)制訂 . 它主要由企業(yè)中層領(lǐng)導(dǎo)制訂 ,可將其分為短期預(yù)測(cè) ,中期預(yù)測(cè)和長(zhǎng)期預(yù)測(cè) .一般情況下 ,預(yù)測(cè)時(shí)間范圍的長(zhǎng)短與預(yù)測(cè)質(zhì)量的高低成正比例關(guān)系 . 預(yù)測(cè)時(shí)間范圍的長(zhǎng)短與預(yù)測(cè)質(zhì)量的高低成反比例關(guān)系 ,能按原已規(guī)定的程序 ,處理方法和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行的決策 ,就是確定型決策 . 就是程序化決策 ,帶有全局性 ,長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)性的大政方針?biāo)鳑Q策 .如企業(yè) 方針 ,目標(biāo)與計(jì)劃等 ,都屬于高層決策 . 如企業(yè)方針 ,目標(biāo)與計(jì)劃等 ,都屬于戰(zhàn)略決策 ,決策者不可能對(duì)與決策相關(guān)的信息全部掌握 ,也不可能對(duì)未來(lái)的外部環(huán)境及內(nèi)部條件準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測(cè) .因此 ,決策者不可能作出 最優(yōu)化 的決策 .亦即產(chǎn)生了決策的相對(duì)最優(yōu)化原則 . 亦即產(chǎn)生了決策的滿意原則 ,應(yīng)正確處理組織內(nèi)部各個(gè)單元之間 ,組織與社會(huì) ,組織與其他組織之間的關(guān)系 ,在充分考慮局部利益的基礎(chǔ)上 ,把提高整體效用放在首位 ,實(shí)現(xiàn)決策方案的整體滿意 .這就是決策的綜合效益原則 . 這就是決策的整體效用原則 ,在分工合作基礎(chǔ)上構(gòu)成的人的集合 ,就是管理學(xué)意義上的組織 .譬如某企業(yè) ,某協(xié)會(huì)等 . 在分工合作基礎(chǔ)上構(gòu)成的人的集合 ,就是一般意義上的組織 ,每個(gè)下級(jí)應(yīng)當(dāng)接受上級(jí)的控制和監(jiān)督 .這就是韋伯的理想組織模式的基本特征之一 —職權(quán)等級(jí) . √ ,組織結(jié)構(gòu)的本質(zhì)是責(zé)權(quán)利關(guān)系的劃分 . 組織結(jié)構(gòu)的本質(zhì)是職工的分工合作關(guān)系 .在正式組織中 ,其成員之間 存在著必然的協(xié)作關(guān)系 ,以完成企業(yè)目標(biāo)為行動(dòng)的出發(fā)點(diǎn)和歸宿點(diǎn) . 在正式組織中 ,其成員之間保持著形式上的協(xié)作關(guān)系 ,由于工作關(guān)系 ,興趣愛(ài)好 ,血緣關(guān)系等原因自發(fā)產(chǎn)生的 ,具有生產(chǎn)協(xié)作關(guān)系的團(tuán)體 . 具有共同情感的團(tuán)體 ,法約爾 ,韋伯等人的觀點(diǎn) ,提出了十五條組織原則 . 提出了八條組織原則 ,提出了健全組織工作的八項(xiàng)基本原則 . 提出了健全組織工作的 十五項(xiàng)基本原則 ,管理層次與組織規(guī)模存在著相互制約的關(guān)系 .也就是說(shuō) ,當(dāng)組織規(guī)模一定時(shí) ,管理幅度與管理層次成正比關(guān)系 . 管理幅度與管理層次成反比關(guān)系 ,主要取決于組織規(guī)模的大小和組織領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的有效管理幅度等因素 .因?yàn)樵诠芾矸炔蛔儠r(shí) ,組織規(guī)模與管理層次成正比 .規(guī)模大 ,層次多 ,則呈高層型結(jié)構(gòu) 。s Zhangye city during their journey to Kazakhstan, May 5, 2021. The caravan, consisting of more than 100 camels, three horsedrawn carriages and four support vehicles, started the trip from Jingyang county in Shaanxi on Sept 19, 2021. It will pass through Gansu province and Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, and finally arrive in Almaty, formerly known as AlmaAta, the largest city in Kazakhstan, and Dungan in Zhambyl province. The trip will cover about 15,000 kilometers and take the caravan more than one year to plete. The caravan is expected to return to Jingyang in March 2021. Then they will e back, carrying specialty products from Kazakhstan A small art troupe founded six decades ago has grown into a household name in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region. In the 1950 s, Ulan Muqir Art Troupe was created by nine young musicians, who toured remote villages on horses and performed traditional Mongolian music and dances for nomadic families. The 54yearold was born in Tongliao, in eastern Inner Mongolia and joined the troupe in says there are 74 branch troupes across Inner Mongolia and actors give around 100 shows every year to local nomadic people. I can still recall the days when I toured with the troupe in the early 39。t just about sharing art with nomadic families but also about gaining inspiration for the music and dance. Ulan Muqir literally translates as red burgeon, and today39。s president, who is also a renowned tenor, tells China Daily. During a tour in 1985, he went to a village and met an elderly local man, who told him a story about his friendship with a solider from Shenyang, capital of Northeast China39。s to e and recapping the key points. This device, not used in the original, is culturally understandable but artistically mediocre. What puzzles me is the two new songs for the opening and end credits. They were written in English, but sung by Chinese with an unfortable accent. They were obviously designed to appeal to an Englishspeaking base, but do not jibe with the Chinese dialogue. Speaking of the dialogue, the English translation, picked apart by some Chinese, is too literal for my taste. I can imagine a typical American hit by a flurry of royal ranks, addresses and greetings, even multiple names and titles for the same person. The first half hour must be a swamp to wade through, very much like my experience of getting through a Tolstoy tome with its endless inflections of names transliterated into lengthy Chinese. I see the choice of verbatim translation as an effort for conveying exotica. It is fairly petent, with no error that I could detect, but fails to rise above words or capture the essence of the language. A cultural product usually crosses over to a foreign territory first by an emphasis on the monalities. But whether inside or outside China, the temptation to sell it for the differences is just too great. Sure, the sumptuous sets and costumes are a big attraction, but the narrative technique has bee－ how shall I put it?－ a bit anglicized, which is necessary for cultural export. Judging by the responses, this legend, which, contrary to the claim of the English trailer, is totally fictitious, has departed from China but not yet landed on American shores. I am a big fan of Ralph Waldo Emerson39。 he wondered how in the world he came to belong there. Indeed his penning and publishing this essay caused his exmunication from high society and also caused him a lot of legal trouble. The legal trouble came as a result of the fact that he was speaking out against the government. I like to reference such texts from time to time as an example both of the fact that history does repeat itself and that this world is not so big that what applies to one society does not in any way touch another society. On a much smaller scale,Emerson3