【正文】 性、相關(guān)性、抗干擾性與適應(yīng)性。 公開市場(chǎng)政策的優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于以下幾點(diǎn)： 1，通過公開市場(chǎng)業(yè)務(wù)可以左右整個(gè)銀行體系的基礎(chǔ)貨幣量，使它符合政策目標(biāo)的需要。其主要的缺點(diǎn)一是對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)金融的環(huán)境要求高。 .p148— 154 答：貨幣政策目標(biāo)包括：充分就業(yè)、物價(jià)穩(wěn)定、經(jīng)濟(jì)增長、國際收支平衡，這幾大目標(biāo)之間 存在一定的一致性，但他們也存在許多不一致，同時(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)幾個(gè)目標(biāo)是困難的。 （ 3）改進(jìn)貨幣政策工具及其操作運(yùn)用，慎重選擇貨幣政策標(biāo)的，實(shí)現(xiàn)金融宏觀調(diào)控方式從直接型向間接型的轉(zhuǎn)變。因?yàn)檫@五個(gè)方面英文的第一個(gè)字母分別是 C、 A、 M、 E、 L 而得名 銀行風(fēng) 險(xiǎn)：銀行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就是銀行業(yè)的損失發(fā)生的不確定性 8 資本充足性管制：中央銀行對(duì)商業(yè)銀行資本水平實(shí)行最低比率控制的監(jiān)管制度，用資本與總資產(chǎn)的比率、資本與負(fù)債的比率、資本與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)資產(chǎn)的比率等來衡量。 巴塞爾協(xié)議：《巴塞爾協(xié)議》的主要目的： 1987 年 7 月由巴塞爾銀行監(jiān)管委員會(huì)通過的《巴塞爾協(xié)議》（全稱是：《關(guān)于統(tǒng)一國際銀行的資本計(jì)算和資本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的協(xié)議》），是國際銀行監(jiān)管方面的代表性文件。 第二， 確定風(fēng)險(xiǎn)加權(quán)的計(jì)算。到 1992 年年底，銀行的資本對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)加權(quán)資產(chǎn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)比率 目標(biāo)為 8%，其中核心資本至少為 4%。（ 錯(cuò) ） 。 （ B）年確立中央銀行體制后逐步提出來的。 、用、還三方面 四、多項(xiàng)選擇題 ，（ ABDE）屬于貨幣政策的特征。 ，屬于一般性貨幣政策工具的是（ ABE）。 銀行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的一般概念是什么？它包括哪幾種風(fēng)險(xiǎn) p290 購買力統(tǒng)計(jì)分析常使用哪些指標(biāo) ？ p342 什么是金融統(tǒng)計(jì)資料的三級(jí)匯總？ 第一級(jí)，將金融統(tǒng)計(jì)資料合并形成貨幣當(dāng)局概覽、存款貨幣銀行概覽和特定存款機(jī)構(gòu)概覽 表 。 答：對(duì)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行狀況否是有一個(gè)科學(xué)的判斷，是中央銀行貨幣政策制定和調(diào)整能否準(zhǔn)確和適度的前提。調(diào)查統(tǒng)計(jì)工作的重要性集中體現(xiàn)在三個(gè)方面：第一，調(diào)查統(tǒng)計(jì)部門是中央銀行的基礎(chǔ)業(yè)務(wù)部門；第二，調(diào)查統(tǒng)計(jì)部門是中央銀行的綜合業(yè)務(wù)部門；第三，調(diào)查統(tǒng)計(jì)體系是貨幣政策決策的重要信息支持系統(tǒng)。 10 請(qǐng)您刪除一下內(nèi)容， O(∩ _∩ )O 謝謝?。?！ 2021 年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過小抄 Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released from nerve endings (terminals) in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. It is synthesized within the nerve terminal from choline, taken up from the tissue fluid into the nerve ending by a specialized transport mechanism. The enzyme necessary for this synthesis is formed in the nerve cell body and passes down the axon to its end, carried in the axoplasmic flow, the slow movement of intracellular substance (cytoplasm). Acetylcholine is stored in the nerve terminal, sequestered in small vesicles awaiting release. When a nerve action potential reaches and invades the nerve terminal, a shower of acetylcholine vesicles is released into the junction (synapse) between the nerve terminal and the ?effector‘ cell which the nerve activates. This may be another nerve cell or a muscle or gland cell. Thus electrical signals are converted to chemical signals, allowing messages to be passed between nerve cells or between nerve cells and nonnerve cells. This process is termed ?chemical neurotransmission‘ and was first demonstrated, for nerves to the heart, by the German pharmacologist Loewi in 1921. Chemical transmission involving acetylcholine is known as ?cholinergic‘. Acetylcholine acts as a transmitter between motor nerves and the fibres of skeletal muscle at all neuromuscular junctions. At this type of synapse, the nerve terminal is closely apposed to the cell membrane of a muscle fibre at the socalled motor end plate. On release, acetylcholine acts almost instantly, to cause a sequence of chemical and physical events (starting with depolarization of the motor endplate) which cause contraction of the muscle fibre. This is exactly what is required for voluntary muscles in which a rapid response to a mand is required. The action of acetylcholine is terminated rapidly, in around 10 milliseconds。 and there are some of each type in the brain. These terms are used because nicotine mimics the action of acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors, whereas muscarine, an alkaloid from the mushroom Amanita muscaria, mimics the action of acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptors. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter produced by neurons referred to as cholinergic neurons. In the peripheral nervous system acetylcholine plays a role in skeletal muscle movement, as well as in the regulation of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. In the central nervous system acetylcholine is believed to be involved in learning, memory, and mood. Acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetyl coenzyme A through the action of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase and bees packaged into membranebound vesicles . After the arrival of a nerve signal at the termination of an axon, the vesicles fuse with the cell membrane, causing the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft . For the nerve signal to continue, acetylcholine must diffuse to another nearby neuron or muscle cell, where it will bind and activate a receptor protein. There are two main types of cholinergic receptors, nicotinic and muscarinic. Nicotinic receptors are located at synapses between two neurons and at synapses between neurons and skeletal muscle cells. Upon activation a nicotinic receptor acts as a channel for the movement of ions into and out of the neuron, directly resulting in depolarization of the neuron. Muscarinic receptors, located at the synapses of nerves with smooth or cardiac muscle, trigger a chain of chemical events referred to as signal transduction. For a cholinergic neuron to receive another impulse, acetylcholine must be released from the receptor to which it has bound. This will only happen if the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft is very low. Low synaptic concentrations of acetylcholine can be maintained via a hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. This enzyme hydrolyzes acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline. If acetylcholinesterase activity is inhibited, the synaptic concentration of acetylcholine will remain higher than normal. If this inhibition is irreversible, as in the case of exposure to many nerve gases and some pesticides, sweating, bronchial constriction, convulsions, paralysis, and possibly death can occur. Although irreversible inhibition is dangerous, beneficial effects may be derived from transient (reversible) inhibition. Drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase in a reversible manner have been shown to improve memory in some people with Alzheimer39。s turbulent yet elegant abstract paintings, which were created by spattering paint on huge canvases placed on the floor, brought abstract expressionism before a hostile public. Willem de Kooning39。 the adoption of an approach to space in which all parts of the canvas played an equally vital role in the total