【正文】 construction activity and the absence of any single longterm employer for the particular in widely differing industries have reacted to the threat posed by job insecurity in a variety of ways,including: Formal and informal restrictios on the amount of work an employee may do in order that the employees do not work themselves out of a job, a danger which can affect the livelihood of each member of the group。 Limitations of various kinds on the possibility of outside employees peting for scarce jobs。 provided for elimination of some railway jobs but protection of jobs of existing employees. The additional positions when vacant were,in general, simply not to be an approach could be considered because railroads are strongly stable institutions with identifiable employees who have built up seniority with particular carriers. Present Methods Lacking The vital and legitimate interest of building trades employees and their unions in job protection is of inescapable importance in considering how to promote high quality lowrent housing. But the consequences of our present methods of promoting job security in the building industry have serious implications which are likely to endanger constructive progress in housing and perhaps in the end to endanger job security preventing the use of laborsaving technology, present methods raise building costs. This tends to make it impossible to build decent housing at low or even moderate rents. Hence the rebuilding of dilapidated areas of our cities bees most difficult unless the rebuilt housing is to be inaccessible to former residents of the area because of its high cost. The result is either that new housing for such areas is built at minimum rockbottom cost and is deemed undesirable, giving a bad name to housing programs, or that former resident must be ousted from their homes and crowded into worse housing, new decent housing being unavailable due to its cost as well as to racial discrimination where the residents are members of minority groups. The wider ramifications of the blockage of new decent housing at low rents are plain. Former residents of rebuilt areas, often confined within a ghetto by discriminatory realty markets, must take the best housing offered. As soon as an area bees integrated and open to minority occupancy, the pressure of desperate need for decent housing tends to bring about its resegregation as part of the ghetto— because of the shortage of new housing at rents within the residents39。 他極力推崇如下情形：在建筑貿(mào)易過程中，成規(guī)模的協(xié)商為受雇者提供了拒絕在預制材料上工作的可能，轉(zhuǎn)而更多的關(guān)注建筑行業(yè)中的就業(yè)保障問題 —— 同時也關(guān)注著是否保障該行業(yè)就業(yè)的同時，能夠顧及到那些因為買不起房子而需要高質(zhì)廉租房的人群。此現(xiàn)象對于住房市場中因種族問題而被歧視的人群尤為嚴重。 這些因素中最舉足輕重的一項顯而易見 —— 即是就業(yè)保障。 這些包括： 正式或非正式地限制工作時間，以防“因為工作把自己弄得殫精竭力”?；蛟S正是因為如此，這些嘗試最后都失敗告終。一般說來，會有額外的工作崗位空缺時，并不補充人員。然而我們當下在該領域里采取的保護就業(yè)的手段卻有一部分嚴肅的內(nèi)涵，這些內(nèi)容將阻礙甚至有可能最終破壞了整個就業(yè)保護工程。結(jié)果就是，或者這些地區(qū)的新房用最低的成本建造低質(zhì)房，使得該住房方案不受歡迎和飽受質(zhì)疑；或者原有的居民必須搬出原有的家，擠進條件糟糕的房子，并且作為新區(qū)域的“少數(shù)派”而遭受冷眼對待。一旦某一地區(qū)建設成為綜合性區(qū)域并且開放少數(shù)入住，迫切需要住進體面房子的需求就演變成為一種難民式的奢望 —— 其原因在于居民能夠付得起租金的出租房十分短缺。不 愿被整合進聚居區(qū)的居民獨自忍受著痛苦。就業(yè)保障也可能受到其他形式的威脅。 如此 一來，問題所在便清晰可見：在建筑行業(yè)中試圖保障就業(yè)率非常重要。從失業(yè)補助津貼到在培訓津貼，各種手段在不同的工業(yè)領域中被應用。因為那意味著更多的就業(yè)崗位 。 高管們以年薪計酬，通常會有合同來承諾工作年限和工資。這也使得手持一份三年的合同的工人在別人沒有工作的時候總顯得惹人眼紅。如果我們擴大貨幣量卻沒有相應的價值來源，那將引起通貨膨脹。 為了獲取最大的利潤，就有必要與所有感興趣投標的集團進行最廣泛的交流。 結(jié)語 也許郊區(qū)的居民將成為此 方案的最大受益者。除非被完全克服，不然它們將無所不在。 出處 :[美 ]迪文斯 .查理 A,《勞動刑法期刊》，第 18 卷， 1998（ 8） ： 468477.