【正文】 (EC3) DD ENV 199411: Design of posite steel and concrete structures (EC4) DD ENV 199511: Design of timber structures (EC5) DD ENV 199611: Design of masonry structures (EC6) DD ENV 199711: Geotechnical design (EC7) DD ENV 199811: Earthquake resistant design of structures (EC8) DD ENV 199911: Design of aluminium alloy structures (EC9) Each Eurocode is published in a number of parts, usually with ‘General rules’ and ‘Rules for buildings’ in Part 1. The various parts of EC2 are: Part General rules and rules for buildings。 Europ233。 Part Supplementary rules for the use of lightweight aggregate concrete。 Part Concrete foundations。water where present Dead load kG Adverse Beneficial Imposed, windsnow load kQ 和 kW Adverse Beneficial Earth and water nE 1． Dead + imposed 2． Dead + wind 3． Dead + snow 4． Dead+imposed +wind+ snow — — — — — — ? ? ? ? The Table uses the simplified bination permitted in EC2. ?For pressures arising from an accidental head of water at ground level a partial factor of may be used. Material and design stresses Design stresses are given in the appropriate sections of the Manual. It should be noted that EC2 specifies concrete strength class by both the cylinder strength and cube strength (for example C25/30 is a concrete with cylinder strength of 25 and cube strength of 30 2N/mm at 28 days). Standard strength classes are C20/25, C25/30, C30/37, C35/45, C40/50, C45/55 and C50/60. All design equations which include concrete pressive strength use the characteristic 28 day cylinder strength, ckf . Partial factors for concrete are for ultimate limit state and for serviceability limit state. The strength properties of reinforcement are expressed in terms of the characteristic yield strength,ykf. Partial factors for reinforcement steel are for ultimate limit state and for serviceability limit state. IStructE EC2 (Concrete) Design Manual 9 4 Initial design – reinforced concrete Introduction In the initial stages of the design of building structures it is necessary, often at short notice,to produce alternative schemes that can be assessed for architectural and functional suitability and which can be pared for cost. They will usually be based on vague and limited information on matters affecting the structure such as imposed loads and nature of finishes, let alone firm dimensions, but it is nevertheless expected that viable schemes be produced on which reliable cost estimates can be based. It follows that initial design methods should be simple, quick, conservative and reliable. Lengthy analytical methods should be avoided. This section offers some advice on the general principles to be applied when preparing a scheme for a structure, followed by methods for sizing members of superstructures. Foundation design is best deferred to later stages when site investigation results can be evaluated. The aim should be to establish a structural scheme that is suitable for its purpose, sensibly economical, and not unduly sensitive to the various changes that are likely to be imposed as the overall design develops. Sizing of structural members should be based on the longest spans (slabs and beams) and largest areas of roof and/or floors carried (beams, columns, walls and foundations). The same sizes should be assumed for similar but less onerous cases – this saves design and costing time at this stage and is of actual benefit in producing visual and constructional repetition and hence, ultimately, cost benefits. Simple structural schemes are quick to design and easy to build. They may be plicated later by other members of the design team trying to achieve their optimum conditions, but a simple scheme provides a good ‘benchmark’ at the initial stage. Loads should be carried to the foundation by the shortest and most direct routes. In constructional terms, simplicity implies (among other matters) repetition。 or twoway spanning slab continuous over one long side 3． Interior span of: beam。 歐洲規(guī)范委員會(huì) 最終將出臺(tái)這些設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作為正式的歐洲標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，但最初他們是被作為 歐洲試用標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 的。混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 的各部分是： 一般規(guī)則和建筑規(guī)則； 結(jié)構(gòu)防火設(shè)計(jì)的補(bǔ)充規(guī)則； 預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)和構(gòu)件的補(bǔ)充規(guī)則； 輕質(zhì)骨料混凝土的補(bǔ)充規(guī)則； IStructE EC2 (Concrete) Design Manual 14 使用無(wú)粘結(jié)和體外預(yù)應(yīng)力筋的補(bǔ)充規(guī)則； 輕質(zhì)鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的補(bǔ)充規(guī)則； 鋼筋和預(yù)應(yīng)力混 凝土橋梁； 混凝土地基； 防滲 和 關(guān)聯(lián) 結(jié)構(gòu)。39。 應(yīng)用規(guī)則是在設(shè)計(jì)普遍采用的。每一個(gè)會(huì)員國(guó)必須把 約定的參數(shù) 用于其適用的管轄范圍內(nèi)。對(duì)于某些方面的設(shè)計(jì)， 歐洲試用規(guī)范 可參考符合國(guó)家安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在編制時(shí)或者以 歐洲規(guī)范委員會(huì) 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或 ISO 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 手冊(cè)的適用范圍 手冊(cè)所涵蓋的一系列的結(jié)構(gòu)和結(jié)構(gòu) 構(gòu)件 是有限的建設(shè)結(jié)構(gòu)并且不依賴于彎曲構(gòu)件，抵抗橫向力也是不可動(dòng)的。 手冊(cè)的內(nèi)容 該手冊(cè)涵蓋以下設(shè)計(jì)階段： ? 一般原則是 管理 結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)布局 ? 初步沙漿成分 ? 估算鋼筋和預(yù)應(yīng)力筋的數(shù)量 ? 最后設(shè)計(jì)項(xiàng)目。一般安排應(yīng)確保一個(gè)穩(wěn)定的結(jié)構(gòu)，它不會(huì)在誤用或意外破壞等任何一個(gè)要素的逐步作用下崩潰。附加剛度能夠提供的剪力墻形成了從山墻或從其他一些外部或內(nèi)部細(xì)分墻。 關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)在整個(gè)建筑高度內(nèi)應(yīng)該是有效。 IStructE EC2 (Concrete) Design Manual 17 耐用性 所有結(jié)構(gòu)部分在縱向，橫向和垂直方向應(yīng)有效地聯(lián)系在一起。 伸縮縫 伸縮縫需要加以規(guī)定以盡量減少運(yùn)動(dòng)造成的影響，例如收縮，溫度變化，蠕變和沉降。一些定位伸縮縫的例子在 中給出了圖。連續(xù)懸挑護(hù)欄間距應(yīng)大約為 12 米。以下互相關(guān)連的因素應(yīng)考慮： ? 所需的性能標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ? 預(yù)期的環(huán)境條件 ? 組成，性質(zhì)和 材料的性能 ? 構(gòu)件的形狀和細(xì) 部 ? 做工 和 質(zhì)量 ? 必要的 防護(hù)措施 ? 使用期間的養(yǎng)護(hù)。 橫向力要分布在剛度最大處。 最終極限狀態(tài) 設(shè)計(jì)荷載值從表 中的局部因素 f? 乘以特征荷載值得到。 ?對(duì)于壓力所帶來的在水平面以上偶然水頭的部分因素的可以用 。所有設(shè)計(jì)方程，其中包括混凝土抗壓強(qiáng)度使用28 天齡期軸心抗壓特征值 ckf 。 IStructE EC2 (Concrete) Design Manual 21 第四章 鋼筋混凝土初步設(shè)計(jì) 引言 初始階段的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)是必要的， 設(shè)計(jì)者 往往通知在很短時(shí)間內(nèi) 做 出可供選擇的方案，以便 用與 建筑和功能適用性的評(píng)定和成本的比較。 本節(jié)為用一般原則對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)準(zhǔn)備一項(xiàng)方案提供了一些意見，其次是上層建筑沙漿的做法。同樣尺寸應(yīng)假設(shè)為相似，在較繁瑣的情 況下這簡(jiǎn)化了設(shè)計(jì)但是在這個(gè)階段花費(fèi)了時(shí)間，考慮到實(shí)際的利益在建造及施工過程中的重復(fù)，因此最終 還是 花費(fèi)了 這些有利的方面 。 對(duì)構(gòu)造 而言，簡(jiǎn)單意味著（除其他事項(xiàng)外）重復(fù)；在結(jié)構(gòu)上應(yīng)該避免 緊密的 ，不適用的，或是敏感的細(xì)節(jié)，并直接為沒有正式先后順序來達(dá)到完成預(yù)定結(jié)構(gòu)臨時(shí)工程的目的提出最起碼的要求。在初步設(shè)計(jì)階段時(shí)， 活載 在荷載系IStructE EC2 (Concrete) Design Manua