【正文】 rt system for sustainable development of agriculture in Huanghe and Huaihe areas, an ecological environment monitoring system in Shaanxi, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia 12 areas, a national database of natural hazards, etc. In scientific results transfer and industrialization, some homemade hardware and software are widely used in the production. The VirtuoZo Fully Digital Photogrammetric System and the JX4A Digital Photogrammetric System, which were pletely developed in China, have been equipped in most of the surveying units in China. Some Chinese designed GIS software such as Geostar and MapGIS have been used in 1:1m, 1:250,000 and 1:50,000 database management and digital mapping production. The high accuracy image scanners and laserscanning plotters have been developed and used in production. IX. EDUCATION AND TRAINING In China, there are 50 surveying and mapping faculties distributed in over 20 universities, with 20,000 students. Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and Mapping (WTUSM) is the largest education base in China for the surveying and mapping. WTUSM, established in 1956, is one of the key institutions of higher learning. In the university, there are 7 colleges and 1 adult education college, with 20 bachelor graduate courses, 17 mastergraduate courses, 8 doctorgraduate courses and 1 post doctor research station, and with 7200 students at present. The university has 4 academicians, over 300 professors and associate professors, 13 research institutes and 40 laboratories. SBSM has located its National GPS Engineering Center and NSDI Training Center in the university. In China, over 20 technical schools have mapping courses. Zhengzhou Technical School of Surveying and Mapping is the largest one for training surveying and mapping 13 technicians. In China, onthejob training and correspondence training attracts more and more people. Annually, SBSM organized over 20 various training courses for supervisors, engineers and technicians. SBSM implemented a personnel project and each year awarded dozens of persons who made great contributions. X. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION In the past years, the surveying and mapping department of China has further developed the bilateral cooperation relations with the counterparts of Asia and Pacific, European and American countries, and reached beneficial results to both sides. China has actively participated in international and regional organizations and their activities such as PCGIAP, GSDI, ISO/TC211 and ISCGM, and played important roles in these organizations. In September 1998, the 7th Plenary Meeting and Work Group Meetings of ISO/TC211were successfully held in Beijing. In April 1999, the 5th PCGIAP Meeting and International Seminar on SDI was held in Beijing with participants from many countries of Asia and the Pacific Region. China sent large delegations to attend the conferences, symposia, and meetings of IUGG, ICA, FIG and ISPRS. The 20th International Cartographic Conference (ICC2020) will be held in Beijing, China, August 610,2020. Chinese Society of Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography (CSGPC) with support from SBSM, is now actively applying for hosting the 20th ISPRS Congress in Beijing, China in 2020. China continues the opendoor and reform policy. The surveying and 14 mapping department of China pays great attention to international cooperation and exchanges, and is willing to develop cooperation relations and carry out various exchange projects with the countries of the whole world, in particular, of Asia and the Pacific Region, so as to further promote the development of surveying and mapping in China and to make more contributions to the development of surveying and mapping in Asia and the Pacific Region and in the world. 15 中文翻譯： 測繪的發(fā)展 在中國 19972020 年期間 摘 要 從 1997 年到 2020 年，已經(jīng)取得了很大的發(fā)展，在中國測量及測繪。和測繪行業(yè)的整體管理。 測繪資格的核查和管理程序 測繪組織，依法審查和批準(zhǔn)甲級測繪機(jī)構(gòu)，測繪活動的登記管理，審查和批準(zhǔn)的海外測繪成果的供應(yīng)，測量和測繪外商在中國進(jìn)行的活動資歷組織或個人，調(diào)查和起訴測繪和負(fù)責(zé)有關(guān)法律程序復(fù)議國家一級或嚴(yán)重的違法案件。起草標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣品地圖確定合作，中國人民共和國的國際邊界與該部外交部 。 根據(jù)法律規(guī)定，管理地圖編制，審查地圖出版或向公眾展出，在地圖上的地名管理的介紹。 在每個省，自治區(qū)，章 離子，直轄市，有一個 分支，無論是省局或地區(qū)辦事處。 據(jù) 1998 年統(tǒng)計，有超過 5700 的測繪單位，在中國，這是測繪工作的合法資格，包括 400 級單位， 1000 乙級單位， 2100 C 級單位， D 級和 2200 單位。 修訂工作已取得全國人民代表大會專門委員會的支持。 各省，自治區(qū)， 30 多個測繪管理的法規(guī)和 40 多個規(guī)則已經(jīng)發(fā)出。 國家測繪局已經(jīng)成立了全國涉及許多部委和國家局的地理信息標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化技術(shù)委員會。 三、 大地控制網(wǎng) 成立于 20 世紀(jì) 80 年代中期， 1985 年，中國高度系統(tǒng)。 經(jīng)過 7 年的努力，中國的國家 GPS 網(wǎng)成立于 1998 年，包括一階網(wǎng)絡(luò)的 B為了網(wǎng)絡(luò)。 自 1999 年以來，國家測繪局共同與其他機(jī)構(gòu)，開始建立 2020 年國家重力網(wǎng)（ NGN 的 2020 年），包括原來的 18 站和 119 個基本點。 從 816 張 1:25萬地圖數(shù)據(jù)庫的數(shù)據(jù)。 國家 1:5 萬數(shù)據(jù)庫的建設(shè)將在未來幾年的國家測繪局的主要任務(wù)。 國家測繪局還公布了城市地理信息系統(tǒng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化工作的指導(dǎo)方針。 于 1999 年，經(jīng)中國政府批準(zhǔn)，國家測繪局開始了一個特殊的大項目被稱為“全國基礎(chǔ)測繪基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項目”。 現(xiàn)在在中國，有 9 特定的地圖出版社，超過 100個出版社發(fā)布地圖相關(guān)的產(chǎn)品和分布中國各地。 一些電子地圖集已經(jīng)在市場，如中國的通用圖集，北京電子地圖等。 編制國家地圖集“（第二版）于 1987 年開始，設(shè)在國家測繪局作 20 為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)機(jī)構(gòu)的協(xié)調(diào)辦公室。 六 、 地籍調(diào)查 地籍測繪管理，是國家測繪局的行政責(zé)任。 在廣東 已建立省，多用途地籍和土地信息系統(tǒng)，廣泛應(yīng)用于不同的領(lǐng)域，如土地管理，房屋管理，稅務(wù)，城市規(guī)劃，戶籍管理。 水文圖表中使用的設(shè)備包括測深儀，側(cè)掃聲納，海洋重力，磁力，深度自動探測系統(tǒng)，和一個萬噸級的綜合調(diào)查船。 已經(jīng)向用戶提供一些新的一代電子圖表。 在定位技術(shù)，被稱為“中國地殼運動監(jiān)測網(wǎng)絡(luò)”進(jìn)行了一個大型的國家項目的研究和應(yīng)用。 在地理信息系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展重點放在數(shù)據(jù)政策，數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，框架，建立數(shù)據(jù)庫，硬件和軟件開發(fā)，數(shù)據(jù)共享和數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)用。 科學(xué)成果轉(zhuǎn)化和產(chǎn)業(yè)化，一些國產(chǎn)的硬件和軟件被廣泛應(yīng)用于生產(chǎn)。 九 、 教育和培訓(xùn) 在中國，有 50 測繪分布在 20 所大學(xué)，有 20,000 名學(xué)生，院系。 這所大學(xué)有 4 個院士，教授，副教授 300 多名，13 個科研院所和 40 個實驗室。 在中國，在職培訓(xùn)和函授培訓(xùn)吸引了越來越多的人。 中國一直積極參與國際和 區(qū)域組織和他們的活動，如常設(shè)委員會，全球空間數(shù)據(jù)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施， ISO/TC211 和 ISCGM，并在這些組織中發(fā)揮了重要的角色。 將舉行第 20 屆國際制圖大會（ ICC2020）在北京，中國， 8 月 610,2020。