【正文】 ts. (4)特殊荷載及 荷載效應(yīng)包括溫度變化、結(jié)構(gòu)地基沉降、沖擊和爆炸的影響。 the maximum lifetime(50year) live load may be a certain amount larger. 在任意時刻結(jié)構(gòu)上的活荷載一般是低于規(guī)范值的，（根據(jù)）最高壽命（ 50 年）（確定的）活荷載可能有一定數(shù)量的擴(kuò)大。 (2)Since the random variation of the loads is a function of time as well as a number of other factors, the modeling, strictly speaking(嚴(yán)格來講 ), should take this into account by using stochastic analyses(隨機(jī)分析 ) to reflect the time and space interdependence(互相依賴 ). 由于載荷的隨機(jī)變化是時間的函數(shù)以及一系列其他因素，造型數(shù)量，嚴(yán)格來說，應(yīng)考慮到利用隨機(jī)分析，以反映時間和空間互相依賴。 The more cement or water content in the concrete mix, the greater the shrinkage. （ 4）混凝土不是熱的良導(dǎo)體，而鋼筋是。 (4)Therefore, cracks may develop in concrete when a high percentage of steel is used. 因時間作出蠕變增加 (8)Creep is reduced with an increase in the humidity of the ambient air 蠕變的減少是由于在周圍的空氣濕度增加 (9) Creep is decreases with an increase in the size of the tested specimen. 蠕變是一個經(jīng)過測試的試件尺寸增大而減小 . (10)Hightemperature steam curing of concrete as well as per use of a plasticizer will reduce the amount of creep. 高溫蒸汽作為增塑劑正確使用混凝土養(yǎng)護(hù)將減少蠕變量 . Translate the following sentence into English. （ 1） 如果通過蒸發(fā)失去水分，混凝土 就會收縮，但在水中硬化則會膨脹。 Building codes do not give design procedures, but they do specify the design requirements and constraints that must be satisfied. （ 5）與建筑規(guī)范不同，設(shè)計規(guī)范對結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件及其連接的設(shè)計做了詳細(xì)的指導(dǎo)。 Translate the following sentence into English. （ 1） 作用在結(jié)構(gòu)上的力被稱為荷載。 （ 7） Since lateral loads(側(cè)向荷載 ) are most detrimental(對 有害 ) to tall structures ,wind loads are usually not as important for low buildings, but uplift(浮托力 ) on light roof systems(屋頂體系 ) can be critical. 由于側(cè)向荷載對高層建筑物最有害，因此，對于低層建筑物風(fēng)荷載通常都是不重要的，但是浮托力對屋頂體系卻是至關(guān)重要的。 （ 4） Before any analysis, however, a decision must be made on the building material to be used 。 Other factors, such as welding(焊接 ) and coldbending(冷彎 ) to create curvature(曲率 ) in a beam, can contribute to the residual stress, but the cooling process is the chief source(主要因素 ). Unite 2 Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English . （ 1） cross section 截面 （ 2） bending moment 彎矩 （ 3） live load 活載 （ 4） force due to gravity 重力 （ 5） building code 建筑規(guī)范 （ 6） functional design 功能設(shè)計 （ 7） nonstructural ponents 非結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件 （ 8） Nonprofit anization非贏利組織 （ 9） the Uniform Building Code統(tǒng)一建筑規(guī)范 （ 10） the Standard Building Code標(biāo)準(zhǔn)建 筑規(guī)范 Translate the following sentence into Chinese. （ 1） The structural design of buildings ,whether of structural steel(結(jié)構(gòu)鋼 ) or reinforced concrete(鋼筋混凝土 ),requires the determination of the overall proportions(整體比例 ) and dimensions of the supporting framework(支撐結(jié)構(gòu) ) and the selection of the cross sections of individual members. 建筑的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計，不論是用結(jié)構(gòu)鋼還是用鋼筋混凝土材料，都要決定其整體比例和支撐結(jié)構(gòu)的大小，以及選擇單個構(gòu)件的截面尺寸。 Compression members(受壓構(gòu)件 ) are those structural elements that are subjected only to axial pression forces （ 2）公式 ，構(gòu)件必須是彈性的并且其兩端必須能自由轉(zhuǎn)動但不能橫向移動。 (8)In 1947, FRShanley resolved the apparent inconsistencies in the original theory, and today the tangent modulus formula, , is accepted as the correct one for inelastic buckling. 1947 年， FRShanley 解決原有理論的表面不相容性，并且切線模量公式， ，被接受作為非彈性屈曲計算的正確公式。 (4)The ratio L/r is the slenderness ratio and is the measure of a pression member’s slenderness, with large values corresponding to slender members. L/r 這一比值是長細(xì)比，是受壓構(gòu)件的長細(xì)的量度，細(xì)長的構(gòu)件具有較大的值。 (3)If the member is so slender that the stress just before buckling is below the proportional limitthat is, the member is still elasticthe critical buckling load is given by Q. 如果該構(gòu)件很細(xì)長以至于在壓曲前的應(yīng)力低于比例極限 也就是說，該構(gòu)件仍然是彈性狀態(tài)該構(gòu)件的該臨界屈曲荷載就可以由公式 Q給出。這種不均勻冷卻引起的應(yīng)力會長久的存在。 Translate the following sentence into English. （ 1） 受壓構(gòu)件是只承受軸向壓力的結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件。 The stressstrain curve in is different from the ones for ductile steel(延性鋼材 ) because it has a pronounced region(顯著區(qū)域 ) of nonlinearity. （ 5）其他因素，想焊接和冷彎，都能影響殘余應(yīng)力，但冷卻過程是殘余應(yīng)力的主要來源。 （ 3） A good design requires the evaluation of several framing plans(框架平面圖 )that is, different arrangements of memb