【正文】 萬(wàn)美元。答：拳王阿里無(wú)論是進(jìn)行拳擊比賽還是清理自家門前的垃圾都比鄰居的小伙子邁克更有效率。2 ．解釋絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)和比較優(yōu)勢(shì)有什么不同。要將這一切保持下去，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們建議：繼續(xù)保持財(cái)政盈余，努力降低長(zhǎng)期利率，增加投資，而且要在財(cái)政政策中為大量投資留下空間，因?yàn)閮?chǔ)蓄量的減少將使投資必須依賴于國(guó)債籌資。答：2000 的《總統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)報(bào)告》著重闡述了新經(jīng)濟(jì)。如果我是總統(tǒng)，我對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)顧問(wèn)的規(guī)范觀點(diǎn)更有興趣。(3)、(4)、(7)、(1())屬于模棱兩可。答：(1)、(2)、(6)、(8)屬于實(shí)證表述。它們是命令式的，在告訴政 府應(yīng)該怎樣做。E ．降低稅率鼓勵(lì)人們更多地工作，更多地儲(chǔ)蓄。A ．社會(huì)面臨著通貨膨脹與失業(yè)之間的短期權(quán)衡取舍。8 D ．A 中有哪一種配置是無(wú)效率的嗎？請(qǐng)解釋。用你對(duì)a 的回答來(lái)確定圖形上的A、B、C 和D 點(diǎn)。(C)(A)每個(gè)工人每天工作10 小時(shí)，并可以提供兩種服務(wù)：割草和洗汽車。我認(rèn)為決定生產(chǎn)可能性邊界的形狀和位置的因素主要有：這一經(jīng)濟(jì)所擁有的生產(chǎn)要素?cái)?shù)量和技術(shù)水平。圖2—4 表明，若將該經(jīng)濟(jì)的所有資源都用于改善環(huán)境，人們可以享受到A 級(jí)的環(huán)境條件；若將所有的資源所得用來(lái)發(fā)工資，人均收入可達(dá)1000 元。3 ．第一章討論的第一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理是人們面臨著權(quán)衡取舍。在鷹黨的政策下，經(jīng)濟(jì)用它的大部分資源生產(chǎn)大 炮，甚至最適于生產(chǎn)黃油的工人和機(jī)器都被用來(lái)生產(chǎn)大炮，經(jīng)濟(jì)為了每大炮所放棄的黃油數(shù)量的增加相當(dāng)可觀。D ．假想一個(gè)侵略成性的鄰國(guó)減少了軍事力量。C ．設(shè)想這個(gè)社會(huì)有兩個(gè)政黨，稱為鷹黨（想擁有強(qiáng)大的軍事力量）和鴿黨(想擁有較弱的軍事力量)。B ．標(biāo)出這個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的一點(diǎn)。當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)用它的大部分資源生產(chǎn)黃油時(shí)，生產(chǎn)可能性邊界是非常陡峭的。解釋為什么這條邊界的形狀最有可能是向外凸出。D ．Sally 憑借他在頂峰工業(yè)公司10% 的股權(quán)賺到了1 萬(wàn)美元。B．Stuart 在快餐店工作，每小時(shí)賺4 ．5 美元。②經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們的價(jià)值觀可能不同。而規(guī)范表述的判斷不僅涉及事實(shí)數(shù)據(jù)，還涉及價(jià)值觀的問(wèn)題。答：實(shí)證表述是描述世界是什么的觀點(diǎn)，是描述性的。8．經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)分為哪兩個(gè)分領(lǐng)域？解釋這兩個(gè)分領(lǐng)域各研究什么? 答：經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)分為微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)兩個(gè)分領(lǐng)域。生產(chǎn)可能性邊界上的點(diǎn)代表有效率的生產(chǎn)水平。如果一場(chǎng)疾病造成該經(jīng)濟(jì)一半的奶牛死亡，生產(chǎn)可能性邊界會(huì)向內(nèi)移，即L2 線。答：略。模型是為了增進(jìn)我們對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的理解而簡(jiǎn)化了現(xiàn)實(shí)。2 ．為什么經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家要做出假設(shè)? 答：假設(shè)可以使解釋這個(gè)世界更為容易。第二章像經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家一樣思考復(fù)習(xí)題 1 ．經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)如何像一門科學(xué)? 答：經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家努力以科學(xué)家的客觀態(tài)度來(lái)探討經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題。社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展減緩，甚至停滯。這樣就會(huì)提高生產(chǎn)率。13答：在衣、食、住、行各個(gè)方面，我的生活水平均高于我的父母或祖父母年輕時(shí)的生活水平。B答：從公平的角度來(lái)講，這種說(shuō)法極大地體現(xiàn)了平等性。F答：出于關(guān)注效率的動(dòng)機(jī)，市場(chǎng)失靈是市場(chǎng)外部性造成的。美孚石油公司在美國(guó)石油業(yè)中屬于規(guī)模最大的公司之一，占有相當(dāng)大的市場(chǎng)份額，很容易形成市場(chǎng)壟斷。B答：這是出于關(guān)注平等的動(dòng)機(jī)，政府這樣做是想把經(jīng)濟(jì)蛋糕更公平地分給每一個(gè)人。答：這是關(guān)注效率，市場(chǎng)失靈的原因是市場(chǎng)勢(shì)力的存在。這項(xiàng)工作很難做好。舉例：假設(shè)A 國(guó)比B 國(guó)擅長(zhǎng)生產(chǎn)絲綢，而B(niǎo) 國(guó)生產(chǎn)皮毛制品的效率比A 國(guó)高，如果A 國(guó)專門生產(chǎn)絲綢，B國(guó)專門生產(chǎn)皮毛制品，由于它們各自在相關(guān)生產(chǎn)上的優(yōu)勢(shì)，會(huì)使兩種商品的生產(chǎn)率提高，有更多的絲綢和皮毛制品在市場(chǎng)上供應(yīng)。因?yàn)榕ぷ鳙@得高收入反而會(huì)使得到的津貼減少，所以對(duì)65 歲以上的人的努力工作的激勵(lì)減少了。理性人應(yīng)該考慮邊際量。為了完成這項(xiàng)開(kāi)發(fā)我最多能再花300 萬(wàn)美元。如果我本計(jì)劃這天在圖書館學(xué)習(xí)，那么去滑雪的成本是在這段時(shí)間里我可以獲得的知識(shí)。2答：這種心理上的收益可以用是否達(dá)到既定目標(biāo)來(lái)衡量。但可能用于企業(yè)研發(fā)的資金就少了。問(wèn)題與應(yīng)用1A．答：如果買新車就要減少家庭其他方面的開(kāi)支，如：外出旅行，購(gòu)置新家具；如果不買新車就享受不到駕駛新車外出的方便和舒適。貨幣量增長(zhǎng)引起通貨膨脹。在這種情況下，規(guī)定壟斷者收取的價(jià)格有可能提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效率。舉例：如果一個(gè)人不承擔(dān)他在公共場(chǎng)所吸煙的全部成本，他就會(huì)毫無(wú)顧忌地吸煙。從而，這只“看不見(jiàn)的手”指引著千百萬(wàn)個(gè)體決策者在大多數(shù)情況下使社會(huì)福利趨向最大化。因此，各個(gè)貿(mào)易國(guó)之間既是競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手，又是經(jīng)濟(jì)合作伙伴。4答：因?yàn)槿藗儠?huì)對(duì)激勵(lì)做出反應(yīng)，而政策會(huì)影響激勵(lì)。the productivity of the environmental in environmental productivity, such as the development of a noemission auto engine, lead to shifts of the productionpossibilities frontier, like the shift from PPF1 to PPF2 Hawks might choose a point like H, with many guns and not much Doves might choose a point like D, with a lot of butter and few in the 27A family?s decision about how much ine to save is effect of government regulations on auto emissions is impact of higher saving on economic growth is firm?s decision about how many workers to hire is relationship between the inflation rate and changes in the quantity of money is statement that society faces a shortrun tradeoff between inflation and unemployment is a positive deals with how the economy is, not how it should economists have examined data and found that there?s a shortrun negative relationship between inflation and unemployment, the statement is a fact, thus it?s a positive statement that a reduction in the rate of growth of money will reduce the rate of inflation is a positive have found that money growth and inflation are very closely statement thus tells how the world is, and so it is a positive statement that the Federal Reserve should reduce the rate of growth of money is a normative states an opinion about something that should be done, not how the world statement that society ought to require welfare recipients to look for jobs is a normative doesn?t state a fact about how the world , it is a statement of how the world should be and is thus a normative statement that lower tax rates encourage more work and more saving is a positive have studied the relationship between tax rates and work, as well as the relationship between tax rates and ?ve found a negative relationship in both the statement reflects how the world is, and is thus a positive of the statements in Table 22 are clearly are: “ the federal budget is to be balanced, it should be done over the business cycle rather than yearly” and “ government should restructure the welfare system along the lines of a ?negative ine tax.?” Both are suggestions of changes that should be made, rather than statements of fact, so they are clearly normative other statements in the table are the statements concern how the world is, not how the world should that in all cases, even though they?re statements of fact, fewer than 100 percent of economists agree with could say that positive statements are statements of fact about how the world is, but not everyone agrees about what the facts the president, you?d be interested in both the positive and normative views of economists, but you?d probably be most interested in their positive are on your staff to provide their expertise about how the economy know many facts about the economy and the interaction of different you?d be most likely to call on them about questions of fact190。the four transactions are food is more distinguishable than steel or wheat, but certainly not as much as produced by one farmer is pletely indistinguishable from wheat produced by is a fairly uniform modity, though some firms produce steel of inferior are each unique, so they are quite answers are 25 26 shows a production possibilities frontier between guns and is bowed out because when most of the economy?s resources are being used to produce butter, the frontier is steep and when most of the economy?s resources are being used to produce guns, the frontier is very the economy is producing a lot of guns, workers and machines best suited to making butter are being used to make guns, so each unit of guns given up yields a large increase in the production of butter。第一篇：經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理 曼昆課后答案 chapter 6Problems and Applications the price ceiling of $40 per ticket is below the equilibrium price, then quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied, so there’s a shortage of policy decreases the number of people who attend classical music concerts, since supply is lower because of the lower imposition of a binding price floor in the cheese market is shown in Figure the absence o