【正文】 萬美元。答：拳王阿里無論是進行拳擊比賽還是清理自家門前的垃圾都比鄰居的小伙子邁克更有效率。2 ．解釋絕對優(yōu)勢和比較優(yōu)勢有什么不同。要將這一切保持下去，經(jīng)濟學(xué)家們建議：繼續(xù)保持財政盈余，努力降低長期利率，增加投資，而且要在財政政策中為大量投資留下空間，因為儲蓄量的減少將使投資必須依賴于國債籌資。答：2000 的《總統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟報告》著重闡述了新經(jīng)濟。如果我是總統(tǒng)，我對經(jīng)濟顧問的規(guī)范觀點更有興趣。(3)、(4)、(7)、(1())屬于模棱兩可。答：(1)、(2)、(6)、(8)屬于實證表述。它們是命令式的，在告訴政 府應(yīng)該怎樣做。E ．降低稅率鼓勵人們更多地工作，更多地儲蓄。A ．社會面臨著通貨膨脹與失業(yè)之間的短期權(quán)衡取舍。8 D ．A 中有哪一種配置是無效率的嗎？請解釋。用你對a 的回答來確定圖形上的A、B、C 和D 點。(C)(A)每個工人每天工作10 小時，并可以提供兩種服務(wù)：割草和洗汽車。我認為決定生產(chǎn)可能性邊界的形狀和位置的因素主要有：這一經(jīng)濟所擁有的生產(chǎn)要素數(shù)量和技術(shù)水平。圖2—4 表明，若將該經(jīng)濟的所有資源都用于改善環(huán)境，人們可以享受到A 級的環(huán)境條件；若將所有的資源所得用來發(fā)工資，人均收入可達1000 元。3 ．第一章討論的第一個經(jīng)濟學(xué)原理是人們面臨著權(quán)衡取舍。在鷹黨的政策下，經(jīng)濟用它的大部分資源生產(chǎn)大 炮，甚至最適于生產(chǎn)黃油的工人和機器都被用來生產(chǎn)大炮，經(jīng)濟為了每大炮所放棄的黃油數(shù)量的增加相當可觀。D ．假想一個侵略成性的鄰國減少了軍事力量。C ．設(shè)想這個社會有兩個政黨，稱為鷹黨（想擁有強大的軍事力量）和鴿黨(想擁有較弱的軍事力量)。B ．標出這個經(jīng)濟不可能實現(xiàn)的一點。當經(jīng)濟用它的大部分資源生產(chǎn)黃油時，生產(chǎn)可能性邊界是非常陡峭的。解釋為什么這條邊界的形狀最有可能是向外凸出。D ．Sally 憑借他在頂峰工業(yè)公司10% 的股權(quán)賺到了1 萬美元。B．Stuart 在快餐店工作，每小時賺4 ．5 美元。②經(jīng)濟學(xué)家們的價值觀可能不同。而規(guī)范表述的判斷不僅涉及事實數(shù)據(jù)，還涉及價值觀的問題。答：實證表述是描述世界是什么的觀點，是描述性的。8．經(jīng)濟學(xué)分為哪兩個分領(lǐng)域？解釋這兩個分領(lǐng)域各研究什么? 答：經(jīng)濟學(xué)分為微觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)和宏觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)兩個分領(lǐng)域。生產(chǎn)可能性邊界上的點代表有效率的生產(chǎn)水平。如果一場疾病造成該經(jīng)濟一半的奶牛死亡，生產(chǎn)可能性邊界會向內(nèi)移，即L2 線。答：略。模型是為了增進我們對現(xiàn)實的理解而簡化了現(xiàn)實。2 ．為什么經(jīng)濟學(xué)家要做出假設(shè)? 答：假設(shè)可以使解釋這個世界更為容易。第二章像經(jīng)濟學(xué)家一樣思考復(fù)習題 1 ．經(jīng)濟學(xué)如何像一門科學(xué)? 答：經(jīng)濟學(xué)家努力以科學(xué)家的客觀態(tài)度來探討經(jīng)濟問題。社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展減緩，甚至停滯。這樣就會提高生產(chǎn)率。13答：在衣、食、住、行各個方面，我的生活水平均高于我的父母或祖父母年輕時的生活水平。B答：從公平的角度來講，這種說法極大地體現(xiàn)了平等性。F答：出于關(guān)注效率的動機，市場失靈是市場外部性造成的。美孚石油公司在美國石油業(yè)中屬于規(guī)模最大的公司之一，占有相當大的市場份額，很容易形成市場壟斷。B答：這是出于關(guān)注平等的動機，政府這樣做是想把經(jīng)濟蛋糕更公平地分給每一個人。答：這是關(guān)注效率，市場失靈的原因是市場勢力的存在。這項工作很難做好。舉例：假設(shè)A 國比B 國擅長生產(chǎn)絲綢，而B 國生產(chǎn)皮毛制品的效率比A 國高，如果A 國專門生產(chǎn)絲綢，B國專門生產(chǎn)皮毛制品，由于它們各自在相關(guān)生產(chǎn)上的優(yōu)勢，會使兩種商品的生產(chǎn)率提高，有更多的絲綢和皮毛制品在市場上供應(yīng)。因為努力工作獲得高收入反而會使得到的津貼減少，所以對65 歲以上的人的努力工作的激勵減少了。理性人應(yīng)該考慮邊際量。為了完成這項開發(fā)我最多能再花300 萬美元。如果我本計劃這天在圖書館學(xué)習，那么去滑雪的成本是在這段時間里我可以獲得的知識。2答：這種心理上的收益可以用是否達到既定目標來衡量。但可能用于企業(yè)研發(fā)的資金就少了。問題與應(yīng)用1A．答：如果買新車就要減少家庭其他方面的開支，如：外出旅行，購置新家具；如果不買新車就享受不到駕駛新車外出的方便和舒適。貨幣量增長引起通貨膨脹。在這種情況下，規(guī)定壟斷者收取的價格有可能提高經(jīng)濟效率。舉例：如果一個人不承擔他在公共場所吸煙的全部成本，他就會毫無顧忌地吸煙。從而，這只“看不見的手”指引著千百萬個體決策者在大多數(shù)情況下使社會福利趨向最大化。因此，各個貿(mào)易國之間既是競爭對手，又是經(jīng)濟合作伙伴。4答：因為人們會對激勵做出反應(yīng)，而政策會影響激勵。the productivity of the environmental in environmental productivity, such as the development of a noemission auto engine, lead to shifts of the productionpossibilities frontier, like the shift from PPF1 to PPF2 Hawks might choose a point like H, with many guns and not much Doves might choose a point like D, with a lot of butter and few in the 27A family?s decision about how much ine to save is effect of government regulations on auto emissions is impact of higher saving on economic growth is firm?s decision about how many workers to hire is relationship between the inflation rate and changes in the quantity of money is statement that society faces a shortrun tradeoff between inflation and unemployment is a positive deals with how the economy is, not how it should economists have examined data and found that there?s a shortrun negative relationship between inflation and unemployment, the statement is a fact, thus it?s a positive statement that a reduction in the rate of growth of money will reduce the rate of inflation is a positive have found that money growth and inflation are very closely statement thus tells how the world is, and so it is a positive statement that the Federal Reserve should reduce the rate of growth of money is a normative states an opinion about something that should be done, not how the world statement that society ought to require welfare recipients to look for jobs is a normative doesn?t state a fact about how the world , it is a statement of how the world should be and is thus a normative statement that lower tax rates encourage more work and more saving is a positive have studied the relationship between tax rates and work, as well as the relationship between tax rates and ?ve found a negative relationship in both the statement reflects how the world is, and is thus a positive of the statements in Table 22 are clearly are: “ the federal budget is to be balanced, it should be done over the business cycle rather than yearly” and “ government should restructure the welfare system along the lines of a ?negative ine tax.?” Both are suggestions of changes that should be made, rather than statements of fact, so they are clearly normative other statements in the table are the statements concern how the world is, not how the world should that in all cases, even though they?re statements of fact, fewer than 100 percent of economists agree with could say that positive statements are statements of fact about how the world is, but not everyone agrees about what the facts the president, you?d be interested in both the positive and normative views of economists, but you?d probably be most interested in their positive are on your staff to provide their expertise about how the economy know many facts about the economy and the interaction of different you?d be most likely to call on them about questions of fact190。the four transactions are food is more distinguishable than steel or wheat, but certainly not as much as produced by one farmer is pletely indistinguishable from wheat produced by is a fairly uniform modity, though some firms produce steel of inferior are each unique, so they are quite answers are 25 26 shows a production possibilities frontier between guns and is bowed out because when most of the economy?s resources are being used to produce butter, the frontier is steep and when most of the economy?s resources are being used to produce guns, the frontier is very the economy is producing a lot of guns, workers and machines best suited to making butter are being used to make guns, so each unit of guns given up yields a large increase in the production of butter。第一篇：經(jīng)濟學(xué)原理 曼昆課后答案 chapter 6Problems and Applications the price ceiling of $40 per ticket is below the equilibrium price, then quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied, so there’s a shortage of policy decreases the number of people who attend classical music concerts, since supply is lower because of the lower imposition of a binding price floor in the cheese market is shown in Figure the absence o