【正文】 y curve is the tax is imposed on producers, the supply curve shifts up by the amount of the tax(50 cents)to the equilibrium quantity is Q2, the price paid by consumers is P2, and the price received(after taxes are paid)by producers is P250 66Figure 67 more elastic is the demand curve, the more effective this tax will be in reducing the quantity of gasoline elasticity of demand means that quantity falls more in response to the rise in the price of 67 illustrates this curve D1 represents an elastic demand curve, while demand curve D2 is more get the same tax wedge between demand and supply requires a greater reduction in quantity with demand curve D1 than for demand curve consumers of gasoline are hurt by the tax because they get less gasoline at a higher in the oil industry are hurt by the tax as a lower quantity of gasoline being produced, some workers may lose their a lower price received by producers, wages of workers might 68 shows the effects of the minimum the absence of the minimum wage, the market wage would be w1 and Q1 workers would be the minimum wage(wm)imposed above w1, the market wage is wm, the number of employed workers is Q2, and the number of workers who are unemployed is wage payments to workers are shown as the area of rectangle ABCD, which equals wm times increase in the minimum wage would decrease size of the effect on employment depends only on the elasticity of elasticity of supply doesn’t matter, because there’s a surplus of increase in the minimum wage would increase size of the rise in unemployment depends on both the elasticities of supply and elasticity of demand determines the quantity of labor demanded, the elasticity of supply determines the quantity of labor supplied, and the difference between the quantity supplied and demanded of labor is the amount of the demand for unskilled labor were inelastic, the rise in the minimum wage would increase total wage payments to unskilled inelastic demand, the percentage decline in employment would be less than the percentage increase in the wage, so total wage payments , if the demand for unskilled labor were elastic, total wage payments would decline, since then the percentage decline in employment would exceed the percentage increase in the 68Figure 69Figure 69 shows the effect of a tax on gun tax reduces the demand for guns from D1 to result is a rise in the price buyers pay for guns from P1 to P2, and a decline in the quantity of guns from Q1 to 610 610 shows the effect of a tax on gun tax reduces the supply of guns from S1 to result is a rise in the price buyers pay for guns from P1 to P2, and a decline in the quantity of guns from Q1 to 611 shows the effect of a binding price floor on increase in price from P1 to Pf leads to a decline in the quantity of guns from Q1 to is excess supply in the market for guns, since the quantity supplied(Q3)exceeds the quantity demanded(Q2)at the price 611 612Figure 612 shows the effect of a tax on tax on ammunition reduces the demand for guns from D1 to D2, because ammunition and guns are result is a decline in the price of guns from P1 to P2, and a decline in the quantity of guns from Q1 to aimed at making the public aware of the dangers of smoking reduce the demand for cigarettes, shown in Figure 613 as a shift from demand curve D1 to price support program increases the price of tobacco, which is the main ingredient in a result, the supply of cigarettes shifts to the left, from S1 to effect of both programs is to reduce the quantity of cigarette consumption from Q1 to 613 bined effect of the two programs on the price of cigarettes is education campaign reduces demand for cigarettes, which tends to reduce the tobacco price supports raise the cost of production of cigarettes, which tends to increase the taxation of cigarettes further reduces cigarette consumption, since it increases the price to shown in the figure, the quantity falls to effect of a 50 cent per cone subsidy is to shift the demand curve up by 50 cents at each quantity, since at each quantity a consumer’s willingness to pay is 50 cents effects of such a subsidy are shown in Figure the subsidy, the price is the subsidy, the price received by sellers is PS and the effective price paid by consumers is PD, which equals PS minus 50 the subsidy, the quantity of cones sold is Q1。2答：看一場電影的機會成本是在看電影的時間里做其他事情所能獲得的最大收益，例如：看書、打零工。6答：市場中那只“看不見的手”就是商品價格，價格反映商品自身的價值和社會成本，市場中的企業(yè)和家庭在作出買賣決策時都要關注價格。市場勢力是指一個人(或一小群人)不適當地影響市場價格的能力。政府為了抑制通貨膨脹會減少流通中的貨幣量，人們可用于支出的貨幣數量減少了，但是商品價格在短期內是粘性的，仍居高不下，于是社會消費的商品和勞務量減少，消費量減少又引起企業(yè)解雇工人。D答：教授如果將大部分時間用于自己搞研究，可能會出更多的成果，但備課時間的減少會影響給學生授課的質量。5答：還應該繼續(xù)這項開發(fā)。因此，人們不用為不能工作時的生活費而發(fā)愁，人們在工作時期的儲蓄就會減少。10答：我需要知道激光唱片行業(yè)的年銷售量及其發(fā)展趨勢，每種唱片的銷售情況，激光唱片行業(yè)的生產能力、生產成本、利潤水平等。壟斷市場不能使稀缺資源得到最效的配置。因此，政府出于關注效率的動機分解它。從效率的角度來講，這種說法減少了對工作的激勵。生產出來的商品銷售不出去，市場陷人疲軟之中，生產企業(yè)的利潤減少。經濟學家研究經濟的過程和方法與自然科學的科學家研究自然是一樣的。答：略。圖2—1 生產可能性邊界 7．用生產可能性界描述“效率”的思想。宏觀經濟學研究經濟總體現象，包括通貨膨脹、失業(yè)和經濟增長。規(guī)范表述：政府應該向企業(yè)發(fā)放可交易的污染許可證。C ．Shanna 花7 美元看了一場電影。圖2—3 大炮與黃油的生產可能性邊界圖中的生產可能性邊界最有可能性是向外凸出的。答：如圖2—3，A 點是經濟不可能實現的一點。用黃油 的生產來衡量，哪一個黨得到更大的“和平紅利”？解釋原因。你認為什么因素決定生產可能性邊界的形狀和位置? 說明如果工程師開發(fā)了一種幾乎沒有廢氣的汽車發(fā)動機，生產可能性邊界會發(fā)生什么變化? 7 答：本題討論的是環(huán)境清潔和高收入的組合。圖2—4 生產可能性邊界一種幾乎無廢氣的汽車發(fā)動機的發(fā)明，使環(huán)境與收入的生產可能性邊界外移。(B)圖2—5 生產可能性邊界 C ．解釋為什么生產可能性邊界的形狀是這樣的。C ．美聯儲應該降低貨幣增長率。它既描述了一種經濟現象，又是在向政府提出應該怎樣做。8 ．如果你是總統(tǒng)，你對你的經濟顧問的實證觀點更感興趣，還是對他們的規(guī)范觀點更感興趣？為什么？答：實證觀點是對某一經濟現象的描述。按此報告所述，當前主要的問題是如何保持新經濟所帶來的經濟高速增長和各方面的良性循環(huán)。絕對優(yōu)勢反映了生產率的高低，比較優(yōu)勢反映了相對機會成本的高低。4 ．對貿易來說，是絕對優(yōu)勢重要還是比較優(yōu)勢重要？以你對上一道題的答案為例來解釋你的推理。因為生產有比較優(yōu)勢產品的機會成本較小。她讀100 頁社會學著作的機會成本是讀40 頁經濟學著作。答：對美國來說，1 噸糧食；1 輛汽車。G ．從沒有貿易的狀況出發(fā)，舉例說明貿易可以使每個國家的狀況都變得更好。Pat 制作1 加侖清涼飲料需要4 小時，做1 塊比薩餅需要2 小時。答：1 塊比薩餅的最高價格是2／3 加侖清涼飲料，最低價格是1／2 加侖清涼飲料。那他就寧可少生產?1 加侖飲料，自己去生產3／2 塊比薩餅。圖3—3 加拿大的生產可能性邊界答：沒有貿易時，加拿大可消費15 000 萬蒲式耳小麥。假設一個蘇格蘭工人每小時能生產40 個烤餅或2 件毛衣。C ．如果一個蘇格蘭工人每小時只能生產一件毛衣，蘇格蘭仍然能從貿易中得到好處嗎？英格蘭仍然能從貿易中得到好處嗎？解釋原因。C ．如果這兩個城市相互交易，兩個城市將分別出口哪種顏色的襪子? 答：如果它們相互交易，波士頓將出口白襪子，而芝加哥出口紅襪子。圖3 一4 生產可能性邊界 B ．如果這兩個國家進行貿易