【正文】
rm (b) Perfectly Competitive Firm Quantity Price P = MR (demand curve) MC ATC Price Demand MC ATC Excess capacity Quantity produced Efficient scale P = MC Quantity produced = Efficient scale P Markup Over Marginal Cost... Quantity (a) Monopolistically Competitive Firm (b) Perfectly Competitive Firm Quantity Price P = MC P = MR (demand curve) MC ATC Quantity produced Price Demand Marginal cost MC ATC MR Markup Quantity produced Monopolistic versus Perfect Competition... Quantity (a) Monopolistically Competitive Firm (b) Perfectly Competitive Firm Quantity Price P = MR (demand curve) MC ATC Quantity produced Efficient scale Price Demand MC ATC P = MC Excess capacity Marginal cost Markup MR Quantity produced = Efficient scale 。 ?提供了產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的信息。 ?企業(yè)樂意支出廣告費用,可能是由于對消費者而言廣告是產(chǎn)品具有質(zhì)量的信號。 Advertising ?廣告的批評者認為,企業(yè)做廣告是為了操縱人們的偏好。 ?出售工業(yè)品的企業(yè),用于廣告的支出一般很少。 Monopolistic Competition and the Welfare of Society 產(chǎn)品多樣化外部性 :由于消費者從新產(chǎn)品引進中得到了消費者剩余,因此新企業(yè)進入給消費者帶來了正的外部性 Monopolistic Competition and the Welfare of Society 搶走業(yè)務外部性:由于其他企業(yè)因新競爭者進入而失去了部分顧客和利潤,因此新企業(yè)進入給原有企業(yè)帶來了負的外部性。 Monopolistic Competition and the Welfare of Society ?由于存在邊際成本之上的價格加成,壟斷競爭產(chǎn)生了壟斷定價而引起的無謂損失(部分對物品的評價高于生產(chǎn)的邊際成本的顧客沒有購買物品) ?由于壟斷競爭產(chǎn)品在經(jīng)濟中如此