【正文】
rm (b) Perfectly Competitive Firm Quantity Price P = MR (demand curve) MC ATC Price Demand MC ATC Excess capacity Quantity produced Efficient scale P = MC Quantity produced = Efficient scale P Markup Over Marginal Cost... Quantity (a) Monopolistically Competitive Firm (b) Perfectly Competitive Firm Quantity Price P = MC P = MR (demand curve) MC ATC Quantity produced Price Demand Marginal cost MC ATC MR Markup Quantity produced Monopolistic versus Perfect Competition... Quantity (a) Monopolistically Competitive Firm (b) Perfectly Competitive Firm Quantity Price P = MR (demand curve) MC ATC Quantity produced Efficient scale Price Demand MC ATC P = MC Excess capacity Marginal cost Markup MR Quantity produced = Efficient scale 。 ?提供了產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的信息。 ?企業(yè)樂意支出廣告費(fèi)用,可能是由于對(duì)消費(fèi)者而言廣告是產(chǎn)品具有質(zhì)量的信號(hào)。 Advertising ?廣告的批評(píng)者認(rèn)為,企業(yè)做廣告是為了操縱人們的偏好。 ?出售工業(yè)品的企業(yè),用于廣告的支出一般很少。 Monopolistic Competition and the Welfare of Society 產(chǎn)品多樣化外部性 :由于消費(fèi)者從新產(chǎn)品引進(jìn)中得到了消費(fèi)者剩余,因此新企業(yè)進(jìn)入給消費(fèi)者帶來了正的外部性 Monopolistic Competition and the Welfare of Society 搶走業(yè)務(wù)外部性:由于其他企業(yè)因新競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者進(jìn)入而失去了部分顧客和利潤(rùn),因此新企業(yè)進(jìn)入給原有企業(yè)帶來了負(fù)的外部性。 Monopolistic Competition and the Welfare of Society ?由于存在邊際成本之上的價(jià)格加成,壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)產(chǎn)生了壟斷定價(jià)而引起的無謂損失(部分對(duì)物品的評(píng)價(jià)高于生產(chǎn)的邊際成本的顧客沒有購(gòu)買物品) ?由于壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)產(chǎn)品在經(jīng)濟(jì)中如此