【正文】 d of labor is the amount of the demand for unskilled labor were inelastic, the rise in the minimum wage would increase total wage payments to unskilled inelastic demand, the percentage decline in employment would be less than the percentage increase in the wage, so total wage payments , if the demand for unskilled labor were elastic, total wage payments would decline, since then the percentage decline in employment would exceed the percentage increase in the 68Figure 69Figure 69 shows the effect of a tax on gun tax reduces the demand for guns from D1 to result is a rise in the price buyers pay for guns from P1 to P2, and a decline in the quantity of guns from Q1 to 610 610 shows the effect of a tax on gun tax reduces the supply of guns from S1 to result is a rise in the price buyers pay for guns from P1 to P2, and a decline in the quantity of guns from Q1 to 611 shows the effect of a binding price floor on increase in price from P1 to Pf leads to a decline in the quantity of guns from Q1 to is excess supply in the market for guns, since the quantity supplied(Q3)exceeds the quantity demanded(Q2)at the price 611 612Figure 612 shows the effect of a tax on tax on ammunition reduces the demand for guns from D1 to D2, because ammunition and guns are result is a decline in the price of guns from P1 to P2, and a decline in the quantity of guns from Q1 to aimed at making the public aware of the dangers of smoking reduce the demand for cigarettes, shown in Figure 613 as a shift from demand curve D1 to price support program increases the price of tobacco, which is the main ingredient in a result, the supply of cigarettes shifts to the left, from S1 to effect of both programs is to reduce the quantity of cigarette consumption from Q1 to 613 bined effect of the two programs on the price of cigarettes is education campaign reduces demand for cigarettes, which tends to reduce the tobacco price supports raise the cost of production of cigarettes, which tends to increase the taxation of cigarettes further reduces cigarette consumption, since it increases the price to shown in the figure, the quantity falls to effect of a 50 cent per cone subsidy is to shift the demand curve up by 50 cents at each quantity, since at each quantity a consumer’s willingness to pay is 50 cents effects of such a subsidy are shown in Figure the subsidy, the price is the subsidy, the price received by sellers is PS and the effective price paid by consumers is PD, which equals PS minus 50 the subsidy, the quantity of cones sold is Q1。如果政策改變了激勵(lì)，它將使人們改變自己的行為，當(dāng)決策者未能考慮到行為如何由于政策的原因而變化時(shí)，他們的政策往往會(huì)產(chǎn)生意想不到的效果。8答：因?yàn)橐粐?guó)的生活水平取決于它生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的能力，而對(duì)這種能力的最重要的衡量度就是生產(chǎn)率。對(duì)于這個(gè)行動(dòng)前就會(huì)作出的既定目標(biāo)，我們一定有一個(gè)為實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)而愿意承擔(dān)的成本范圍。8A答：這項(xiàng)反貧困計(jì)劃法案的改革會(huì)激勵(lì)那些只能領(lǐng)取兩年津貼的福利領(lǐng)取者努力尋找工作，如果在兩年內(nèi)不能使自己獲得工作，兩年之后，這些福利領(lǐng)取者就沒有收入了。C答：這是出于關(guān)注效率的動(dòng)機(jī)。發(fā)生這些變化是因?yàn)樯a(chǎn)率大大地提高了。對(duì)不同的問題作出不同的假設(shè)，略去對(duì)問題的答案沒有實(shí)質(zhì)影響的 因素，突出實(shí)質(zhì)性的內(nèi)容，使我們可以集中進(jìn)行思考。當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)在這種點(diǎn)上進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)時(shí)，不減少另一種物品的生產(chǎn)就不能增加一種物品的生產(chǎn)。問題與應(yīng)用1．畫一張循環(huán)流向圖，指出模型中分別對(duì)應(yīng)于下列活動(dòng)的物品與勞務(wù)流向和貨幣流向的部分。因?yàn)樯踔磷钸m于生產(chǎn)大炮的工人和機(jī)器都被用來生產(chǎn)黃油，經(jīng)濟(jì)為了每千克黃油所放棄的大炮數(shù)量的增加相當(dāng)可觀。因此，當(dāng)鷹黨決定少生產(chǎn)大炮時(shí)，黃油產(chǎn)量增加很大。在一小時(shí)內(nèi)，Larry 可以割一塊草地或洗一輛汽車，Moe 可以割一塊草地或洗兩輛汽車，而C urly 可以割兩塊草地或洗一輛汽車。答：C 種配置是無效率的，只需要通過簡(jiǎn)單的在這三個(gè)人中的時(shí)間再分配，就可以洗更多的車和割更多塊的 草地，也即產(chǎn)出會(huì)更多。它們都是描述性的，描述經(jīng)濟(jì)問題是什么樣。(有關(guān)的《總統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)報(bào)告》原文見本章附錄)第三章相互依存性與貿(mào)易的好處復(fù)習(xí)題 1 ．在什么情況下，生產(chǎn)可能性曲線是直線，而不是外凸的？ 答：生產(chǎn)可能性曲線會(huì)由于機(jī)會(huì)成本的動(dòng)態(tài)變化而呈現(xiàn)不同形狀。如上例，阿里不應(yīng)該清理垃圾，而應(yīng)該去參加拳擊比賽。而一個(gè)日本工人 每年可以生產(chǎn)5 噸糧食。美國(guó)專門生產(chǎn)它有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的糧食，1 年可產(chǎn)10 億噸；日本專門生產(chǎn)它有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的汽車，1 年可產(chǎn)4 億輛。如果1 塊比薩交換不到1／2 加侖清涼飲料，帕特就寧可少生產(chǎn)1 塊比薩餅，而自己去生產(chǎn)1 ／2 加侖清涼飲料。如果加拿大繼續(xù)消費(fèi)1 00 0 萬輛汽車，這種交易使加拿大可以消費(fèi)多少小麥？在你的圖上標(biāo)出這一點(diǎn)。而此時(shí)，1 個(gè)蘇格蘭人生產(chǎn)1 個(gè)烤餅的機(jī)會(huì)成本是l／40 件毛衣，仍高于1 個(gè)英格蘭人生產(chǎn)1 個(gè)烤餅的機(jī)會(huì)成本，即英格蘭人在生產(chǎn)烤餅上仍有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)。對(duì)美國(guó)而言，生產(chǎn)一臺(tái)電腦的機(jī)會(huì)成本是5 件襯衣，而生產(chǎn)一件襯衣的機(jī)會(huì)成本為1/5 臺(tái)電腦。你預(yù)期這時(shí)的貿(mào)易形式會(huì)是什么樣的。D ．假設(shè)兩國(guó)進(jìn)行貿(mào)易，而且，進(jìn)口咖啡的國(guó)家用2 盎司大豆交換1 盎司咖啡。雙方的貿(mào)易價(jià)格必須位于兩者之間的機(jī)會(huì)成本。通常情況下，寡頭們會(huì)盡力聯(lián)合起來，避免激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，收取較高的市場(chǎng)價(jià)格。因?yàn)樵谄渌蛩夭蛔儠r(shí)，價(jià)格上升，供給量上升，所以供給曲線向右上方傾斜?！?答： 15 圖4—2 加勒比地區(qū)旅館房間的供求圖C．“當(dāng)中東爆發(fā)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)，汽油價(jià)格上升，而二手凱迪拉克車的價(jià)格下降。答：市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)中價(jià)格是推動(dòng)物品與勞務(wù)的需求量與供給量達(dá)到均衡狀態(tài)的力量，是指導(dǎo)資源配置的信號(hào)。菠菜的價(jià)格沒變，但波匹對(duì)菠菜的需求量增大了，所以Popeye 對(duì)菠菜的需求曲線是向外移動(dòng)了。除了完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)之外，還有壟斷市場(chǎng)。貿(mào)易所達(dá)到的是雙贏或多贏局面。答：秘魯?shù)钠胀üと司哂斜容^優(yōu)勢(shì)。答：一臺(tái)電腦的價(jià)格將在5 到10 件襯衣之間。如果沒有貿(mào)易，一個(gè)美國(guó)工人把一半的時(shí)間用于生產(chǎn)每種物品，則能生產(chǎn)50 件襯衣、10 臺(tái)電腦；同樣，一個(gè)中國(guó)工人則能生產(chǎn)50 件襯衣、5 臺(tái)電腦。因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)谏a(chǎn)毛衣上有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)。如果加拿大選擇消費(fèi)1 000 萬輛汽車，沒有貿(mào)易時(shí)它可以消費(fèi)多少小麥? 在生產(chǎn)可能性邊界上標(biāo)出這一點(diǎn)。能使兩個(gè)室友狀況都更好的比薩餅交易的最高價(jià)格是多少？最低價(jià)格是多少？解釋原因。每個(gè)國(guó)家能生產(chǎn)多少汽車和糧食呢? 答：美國(guó)1 年可以生產(chǎn)出5 億噸糧食和2 億輛汽車，日本1 年可以生產(chǎn)出2．5 億噸糧食和2 億輛汽車。答：圖3—1 Maria 讀書的生產(chǎn)可能性邊界 B ．Maria 閱讀100 頁(yè)社會(huì)學(xué)著作的機(jī)會(huì)成本是什么? 答：Maria 讀100 頁(yè)社會(huì)學(xué)著作需要2 小時(shí)，讀20 頁(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)著作需要1 小時(shí)，所以她在2 小時(shí)內(nèi)可讀40 頁(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)著作。因此，邁克在清理垃圾上有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)。我閱讀了其中的第一章第四節(jié)有關(guān)財(cái)政政策的內(nèi)容。E 屬于模棱兩可。答：該經(jīng)濟(jì)的生產(chǎn)可能性邊界，如圖2—4 所示，A、B、C 三點(diǎn)在生產(chǎn)可能性邊界上，C 點(diǎn)在生產(chǎn)可能性邊 界以內(nèi)。如果工程師開發(fā)廠一種幾 乎無廢氣的汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，就是改善環(huán)境的技術(shù)水平提高了，生產(chǎn)可能性邊界會(huì)向外移(如圖2—4)。結(jié)果鷹黨和鴿黨都等量減少了自己合意的大炮生產(chǎn)。答：假設(shè)該社會(huì)如果將全部資源用來生產(chǎn)“大炮”，可以生產(chǎn)500 門炮；如果將全部資源用來生產(chǎn)黃油，可以生產(chǎn)2 000 千克黃油。舉例：實(shí)證表述：發(fā)放可交易的污染許可證可以有效地控制污染物的排放。因?yàn)樵谏a(chǎn)率不變的情況下，可用于生產(chǎn)點(diǎn)心和牛奶的經(jīng)濟(jì)資源減少了。用科學(xué)的方法提出理論、收集資料，并分析這些資料以努力證明或否定他們提出的理論來研究社會(huì)。在工人被迫失去工作后到找到新工作之前的這段時(shí)間里，失業(yè)津貼的發(fā)放使他們能夠維持生活?？赡苣车刂挥幸患矣芯€電視臺(tái)，由于沒有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者，有線電視臺(tái)會(huì)向有線頻道的消費(fèi)者收取高出市場(chǎng)均衡價(jià)格的價(jià)格，這是壟斷。7A答：社會(huì)保障的提供使人們退休以后仍可以獲得收入，以保證生活。這樣，企業(yè)開發(fā)新產(chǎn)品、利用新技術(shù)的進(jìn)度可能會(huì)減慢。在這種 情況下，政府可以通過制定禁止在公共場(chǎng)所吸煙的規(guī)章制度來增加經(jīng)濟(jì)福利。positive you?re the president, you?re the one who has the make the normative statements as to what should be done, with an eye to the political normative statements made by economists represent their views, not necessarily either your?s or the electorate? of this writing, the chairman of the Federal Reserve is Alan Greenspan, the chair of the Council of Economic Advisers is Martin , and the secretary of the treasury is Larry time goes on, you might expect economists to disagree less about public policy There are many possible are many possible they?ll have opportunities to observe different policies that are put into new policies are tried, their results will bee known, and they can be evaluated ?s likely that the disagreement about them will be reduced after they?ve been tried in example, many economists thought that wage and price controls would be a good idea for keeping inflation under control, while others thought it was a bad when the controls were tried in the early 1970s, the results were controls interfere