【正文】 3) The driven member （從動部分）
The driven member, or clutch disc, is located between the flywheel and pressure plate. The disc has a splined hub that locks to the splined input shaft on the gearbox. Any rotation of the clutch disc turns the input shaft.
從動部分（或從動盤）位于飛輪和壓盤之間。 this must be rotating at a high speed to provide sufficient power or else the load will be too great and the engine will stall (e to rest).
當(dāng)汽車原地起步時，離合器要將靜止的變速器軸同發(fā)動機(jī)接合起來，此時發(fā)動機(jī)必須高速旋轉(zhuǎn)以提供足夠大的功率，否則載荷過大將引起發(fā)動機(jī)熄火。這些排放物是無色無味的，在陽光的作用下轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)闊熿F。油膜防止部件之間的相互摩擦。氣溫較高時，可采用低溫節(jié)溫器防止發(fā)動機(jī)過熱。這樣，空氣量多，供油也多，發(fā)動機(jī)功率就會增加，對燃燒過程也會帶來積極作用。節(jié)氣門開啟，空氣流量增加；節(jié)氣門關(guān)閉，空氣流量減少。為滿足復(fù)雜的要求，化油器的結(jié)構(gòu)也很復(fù)雜，其上有很多內(nèi)部通道和部件。一些車采用電動油泵，油泵安裝在油箱上，附帶有油量傳感器和燃油表油量傳送裝置。高的壓縮比不僅可以增加功率，而且會帶來更多的有功率。但是汽油也不能揮發(fā)得過快，不然它會在油箱或油管里轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)檎魵?。在一個循環(huán)里曲軸是轉(zhuǎn)動兩圈的。
: valve system （氣門系統(tǒng)）
1）It is apparent from this description that the exhaust valve stays open for a short period of time during which the intake valve is also open. In other words, the end of the exhaust stroke and the beginning of the intake stoke overlap for a short period of time. This is called valve overlap. Valve timing and valve overlap vary on different engines.
由上顯而易見，排氣門在進(jìn)氣門打開的一小段時間內(nèi)也打開著。（在老式發(fā)動機(jī)上，每個活塞有四個甚至五個活塞環(huán)）環(huán)的內(nèi)側(cè)裝在活塞的環(huán)槽里，環(huán)的外表面緊壓在氣缸壁上。 Piston Assembly(活塞總成)
1) Most pistons are made from cast aluminum. The piston, through the connecting rod, transfers to the crankshaft the force created by the burning fuel mixture. This force turns the 。 larger inline engines can have two or more. 氣缸蓋安裝在缸體的頂部，就像安在房子上的屋頂一 樣。 Cylinder Sleeves（氣缸套）
2) Cylinder sleeves are used in engine blocks to provide a hard wearing material for pistons and piston rings. The block can be made of one kind of iron that is light and easy to cast while the sleeves uses another that is better able to stand up wear and tear. There are two main types of sleeves: dry and wet. 缸體中的氣缸套為活塞和活塞環(huán)提供了一種堅(jiān)硬耐磨的材料。 活塞通過連桿和軸連接，使得氣體帶動軸旋轉(zhuǎn)半圈。在盤式制動器上，連著輪轂的制動盤，被緊緊夾在兩個制動塊之間。 the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the transmission .
內(nèi)燃機(jī)是最常見的，其動力來自氣缸里液體燃料的燃燒。這些零部件主要分為四類：車身、發(fā)動機(jī)、底盤和電氣設(shè)備。
當(dāng)今的車輛一般都由15000多個分散、獨(dú)立且相互配合的零部件組成。 Engine（發(fā)動機(jī)）
(3)The internal bustion engine is most mon: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine: gasoline and diesel . Both engines are called heat engines。 Braking（制動）
(5) Drum brakes have a drum attached to the wheel hub, and braking occurs by means of brake shoes expanding against the inside of the drum. With disc brakes, a disc attached to the wheel hub is clenched between two brake pads.
在鼓式制動器上，制動鼓和輪轂連接，制動蹄張開壓緊制動鼓內(nèi)側(cè)從而產(chǎn)生制動。 Chapter 2 Internal Combustion Engine （內(nèi)燃機(jī)）
Engine Terms（發(fā)動機(jī)條款）
2) Linking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn. The power stroke uses up the gas, so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrolair mixture: this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves。發(fā)動機(jī)其它的部件都安裝或固定在缸體上，包括氣缸、水套和油道，以及固定在缸體底部的曲軸等。 Cylinder Head（缸蓋）
3) The cylinder head fastens to the top of the block, just as a roof fits over a house. The underside forms the bustion chamber with the top of the piston. Inline engines of light vehicles have just one cylinder head for all cylinders。 Oil Pan or sump （油盤或油底蓋）
4) The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan