【正文】 t ways that he or she should be aware of. An engineer also needs a sufficient mand of language to be able to prepare reports that are clear and, in many cases, persuasive. An engineer engaged in research will need to be able to write up his or her finding for scientific publications. mand 把握， 支配， 控制翻譯時需要引申 engage in , 參加 write up scientific publication 科技出版物 雖然，在工科課程中，對技術(shù)科目著重強 調(diào)，但當前的趨勢還是要求學生學習社會科 學和語言藝術(shù)的課程。參與研究的工程 師要能為科學出版物詳細描述他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)。s last year in the university. Many different corporation and government agencies have peted for the services of engineers in recent years. In the scienceoriented society of today, people who have technical training are, of course, in demand. Young engineers may choose to go into environmental or sanitary engineering, for example, where environmental concerns have created many openings。年輕工程師也許選擇進 入環(huán)境或衛(wèi)生工程領(lǐng)域工作, 例如, 在環(huán)境問 題方面創(chuàng)造的許多機會。 When the young engineer has finally started actual practice, the theoretical knowledge acquired in the university must be applied, He or she will probably be assigned at the beginning to work with a team of engineers. Thus, onthejob training can be acquired that will demonstrate his or her ability to translate theory into practice to the supervisors. assign分配, 指派 onthejob ，現(xiàn)場的 demonstrate證明,示范,論證supervisor主管人，管 理人 當年輕工程師最后開始了真正的實踐, 必須要運用 到大學中學到的理論知識。s knowledge and experience. civil construction supervision施工監(jiān)督，施工管理 土木工程師可能在研究、設(shè)計、施工管理、 養(yǎng)護或者甚至銷售或管理單位工作。他或她經(jīng)常 受雇于政府或企業(yè)提供經(jīng)費的實驗室。 就是 說，每個工程有它自己的難題和設(shè)計特點。經(jīng)濟 因素與在每個可能的比選方案有關(guān)，也必須 斟酌。 in the space program, for instance, civil engineers were necessary in the design and construction of such structures as launching pads and rocket storage facilities. consultant , 商議者, 咨詢者 water supply system 給水系統(tǒng) coordinate 協(xié)同 system engineer discipline學科 powerhouse launching pad , 發(fā)射臺 storage facility貯存設(shè)備 許多土木工程師在設(shè)計領(lǐng)域工作,他們中的許多人 是這個行業(yè)的佼佼者。在許多情況下, 也需要（涉及）其它學科的 工程師。Construction is a plicated process on almost all engineering projects. It involves scheduling the work and utilizing the equipment and the materials so that costs are kept as low as possible. Safety factors must also be taken into account, since construction can be very dangerous. Many civil engineers therefore specialize in the construction phase. Scheduling n 行程安排, 進度安排 utilize 利 用，使用 take into account 考慮，重視 civil engineer specialize in , 專門研究construction phase 施工階段 在幾乎所有土木工程項目中，施工是復(fù)雜的 過程。 Lesson2Modern Buildings and Structural Materials 現(xiàn)代建筑及結(jié)構(gòu)材料 Many great buildings (that are) built in the earlier ages are still in existence and in use. Among them are the Pantheon and the Colosseum in Rome, Hagia Sophia in Istanbul。 法國和英國哥特式教會, 和有 著宏偉圓頂?shù)奈乃噺?fù)興時期大教堂,如佛羅倫 薩的中央寺院和羅馬的圣彼得大教堂。而是根據(jù)經(jīng)驗和觀察建造的, 經(jīng)常是不斷 摸索的產(chǎn)物。 許多修建得很拙劣且不時倒塌，造成了了相 當大的財產(chǎn)或生命損失。結(jié)構(gòu)，比如 橋梁將要承受高速的汽車通行（行使），它 必須考慮沖力力，這個力是活載作用在結(jié)構(gòu) 上的。這些力包括壓力和拉力這對互反的 力。 Altogether, three forces can act on a structure: verticalthose that act up or down。因為由土木工程師設(shè)計的結(jié)構(gòu)要 固定或者穩(wěn)定，這些力必須保持平衡。以及那 些可能使結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)動的力必須和相反方向轉(zhuǎn)動 的力相平衡。 這次事故之所以有名，還在于大橋的倒塌過 程被人錄了下來。 現(xiàn)代最為轟動一時的工程事故之一：1940 年的Taa Narrows大橋，就是因為對這些 因素的最后一個因素：扭轉(zhuǎn)考慮的不夠仔細 而導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果。用砂漿或是 瀝青，一種類似焦油的物質(zhì)或是其他粘合劑 將各層結(jié)合在一起。 Both steel and cement, the two most important construction materials of modern times, were introduced in the nineteenth century. Steel, basically an alloy of iron and a small amount of carbon, had been made up to that time by a laborious process that restricted it to such special uses as sword blades. After the invention of the Bessemer process in 1856, steel was available in large quantities at low prices. The enormous advantage of steel is its tensile strength。鋼材極 大的優(yōu)點是它的抗拉強度，也就是當在計算 等級的拉力作用下，它不會喪失其強度，這 個力，正如我們所見，可以撕開很多材料。它是石灰石和粘土的混合物，它們加熱 后碾(碎)成為粉末。并且鑒于鋼材有很大的 抗拉強度，混凝土有很大的抗壓強度。在混 凝土梁或受拉的結(jié)構(gòu)，鋼筋嵌入混凝土中形 成鋼筋混凝土。 Prestressed concrete is an improved form of reinforcement. Steel rods are bent into the shapes to give them the necessary degree of tensile strength. They are then used to prestress concrete, usually by pretensioning or posttensioning method. Prestressed concrete has made it possible to develop buildings with unusual shapes, like some of the modern sports arenas, with large spaces unbroken by any obstructing supports. The uses for this relatively new structural method are constantly being developed.reinforcement鋼筋, 增強材料 prestress …預(yù)加 應(yīng)力 pretensioning先張拉 posttensioning 后張拉 arena , 舞臺 obstruct 阻隔 預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土是鋼筋混凝土的改良形式。這種相對新的結(jié)構(gòu)方法的使 用在不斷的發(fā)展。一個幫助在一定程度上減 少混凝土重量系統(tǒng)是使用高分子材料作為混合料的一 部分，這些材料具有用于塑料中的鏈狀化合物。 容積,比例 Dimensioning 定尺寸，計算 technical , 技術(shù)上的, 技巧方面的 mathematical , 精確的 conduct 進行，實施,引導(dǎo)，指導(dǎo) coordinate（使）互相配合,（使）協(xié)調(diào)， 調(diào)整 conscious , 有知覺的 consideration , 需要考慮的事項, 體諒 be involved in 涉及,有關(guān) preliminary plan初步設(shè)計,初步計劃 likewise , 照樣地, 又, 也 結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計包括決定結(jié)構(gòu)最合適的比例以及 一個結(jié)構(gòu)工程項目的最高技術(shù)和計算階段,但 是,如果沒有工程項目的規(guī)劃和施工階段充分 配合的話, 功的設(shè)計者總是會充分意識到在結(jié)構(gòu)初步設(shè) 計(規(guī)劃)中的各種考慮,并且,同樣的也會充分 意識到在結(jié)構(gòu)后續(xù)施工中所要面臨的各種問 題. Specially, the structural design of any structure first involves the establishment of the loading and other design conditions that must be resisted by the structure and therefore must be considered in its design. Then es the analysis (or putation) of the internal gross forces (thrust, shears, bending moments, and twisting moments), stress intensities, strains, deflections, and reactions produced by the loads, temperature, shrinkage, creep, or other design conditions.(2) Finally es proportioning and selection of materials of the members and connections so as to resist adequately the effects produced by the design conditions. The criteria used to judge whether particular proportions will result in the desired behavior reflect accumulated knowledge (theory, field and model test, and practical experience), intuition, and judgement. establishment , 制定 resist , 反抗, 抗 internal gross forces 總內(nèi)力 bending moment 彎矩 twisting moment 扭矩 stress intensity 應(yīng)力強度 reaction , 反作用 proportioning 確定(幾何)尺寸, 選擇參數(shù) connection 連接,接頭 criteria proportion比例,面積, 部分 model test 模型試驗 intuition , 直覺的知識 judgement , 意見, 看法 專門的,任何結(jié)構(gòu)物的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計首先包括荷 載以及其他結(jié)構(gòu)所必須承受的設(shè)計條件的確 立,并且因此,這些條件必須被考慮到設(shè)計中. 然后需要進行總內(nèi)力(軸力,剪力,彎矩,和扭矩), 應(yīng)力強度,應(yīng)變,撓度,和反作用力的分析(