【正文】 專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)English article in Civil Engineering (土木工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)課文) Lesson1 Careers in Civil Engineering Engineering is a profession, which means that an engineer must have a specialized university education. Many government jurisdictions also have licensing procedures which require engineering graduates to pass an examination, similar to the bar examination for a lawyer, before they can actively start on their careers. specialized專(zhuān)門(mén)的, 專(zhuān)科的 jurisdiction管轄權(quán)，權(quán)限 license許可（證），執(zhí)照 bar 律師業(yè) 土木工程是一個(gè)意味著工程師必須要經(jīng)過(guò) 專(zhuān)門(mén)的大學(xué)教育的職業(yè)。許多政府管轄部門(mén) 還有（一套）認(rèn)證程序，這一程序要求工科 畢業(yè)生在他們能積極地開(kāi)始（從事）他們的 事業(yè)之前，通過(guò)（認(rèn)證）考試, 這種考試類(lèi)似 于律師職業(yè)里的律師考試一樣。 In the university, mathematics, physics, and chemistry are heavily emphasized throughout the engineering curriculum, but particularly in the first two or three years. Mathematics is very important in all branches of engineering, so it is greatly stressed. Today, mathematics includes courses in statistics, which deals with gathering, classifying, and using numerical data, or pieces of information. mathematics curriculum branch n. (學(xué)科)分科 stress 強(qiáng)調(diào) courses ,路線(xiàn) statistics n. 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué),統(tǒng)計(jì) deal with涉及，處理 An important aspect of statistical mathematics is probability, which deals with what may happen when there are different factors, or variables, that can change the results of a problem. Before the construction of a bridge is undertaken, for example, a statistical study is made of the amount of traffic (which) the bridge will be expected to handle. In the design of the bridge, variables such as water pressure on the foundation, impact, the effects of different wind forces, and many other factors must be considered handle undertake amount of traffic impact碰撞，沖擊 Variable 變量 大學(xué)里, 工科課程中著重強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)學(xué)、物理, 和化學(xué),尤其在開(kāi)始的二到三年。在工科所有 分支中，數(shù)學(xué)非常重要, 因此它被著重地強(qiáng)調(diào)。 今天, 數(shù)學(xué)包括統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)中的課程主要涉及集合, 分類(lèi), 和使用數(shù)字?jǐn)?shù)據(jù), 或信息。 統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)學(xué)的一個(gè)重要方面是概率, 它涉及當(dāng) 有改變問(wèn)題的結(jié)果的不同的因素, 或變量時(shí)， 可能會(huì)發(fā)生什么。例如，在承擔(dān)橋梁的建設(shè) 之前, 運(yùn)用統(tǒng)計(jì)研究來(lái)預(yù)計(jì)未來(lái)橋梁期望承受 的交通量. 在橋梁的設(shè)計(jì)中，(各種)變量如作 用在基礎(chǔ)上的水壓, 碰撞, 不同的風(fēng)力的作用, 以及許多其它因素必須考慮。 Because a great deal of calculation is involved in solving these problems, puter programming is now included in almost all engineering curricula. Computers, of course, can solve many problems involving calculations with greater speed and accuracy than a human being can. But puter are useless unless they are given clear and accurate instructions and informationin other words, a good program.be involved in涉及 program 編程序，電腦程 序 curricula instruction指令 由于在解決這些問(wèn)題涉及大量的計(jì)算, 現(xiàn) 在幾乎所有工科課程中都包括計(jì)算機(jī)編程。 當(dāng)然,計(jì)算機(jī)能比人類(lèi)以更快的速度和準(zhǔn)確性 解決許多問(wèn)題。但如果不給計(jì)算機(jī)清楚和準(zhǔn) 確指令和信息，換句話(huà)說(shuō)，一個(gè)好程序，它 也是無(wú)用的。 In spite of the heavy emphasis on technical subjects in the engineering curriculum, a current trend is to require students to take courses in the social science and the language arts. The relationship between engineering and society is getting closer。 it is sufficient, therefore, to say again that the work performed by an engineer affects society in many different and important ways that he or she should be aware of. An engineer also needs a sufficient mand of language to be able to prepare reports that are clear and, in many cases, persuasive. An engineer engaged in research will need to be able to write up his or her finding for scientific publications. mand 把握， 支配， 控制翻譯時(shí)需要引申 engage in , 參加 write up scientific publication 科技出版物 雖然，在工科課程中，對(duì)技術(shù)科目著重強(qiáng) 調(diào)，但當(dāng)前的趨勢(shì)還是要求學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)社會(huì)科 學(xué)和語(yǔ)言藝術(shù)的課程。工程和社會(huì)間的關(guān)系 變得更加緊密。 因此,再一次充分說(shuō)明, 工程師 負(fù)責(zé)（承擔(dān)）的工程在許多不同和重要的方 面影響社會(huì),這些方面是他們所知道的。并且， 工程師需要一種很肯定（自信）語(yǔ)言表達(dá)方 式來(lái)準(zhǔn)備報(bào)告，這個(gè)報(bào)告要清楚明了，且在 多數(shù)情況下, 是令人信服的。參與研究的工程 師要能為科學(xué)出版物詳細(xì)描述他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)。 The last two years of an engineering program include subjects within the student’s field of specialization. For the student who is preparing to bee a civil engineer, these specialized courses may deal with such subjects as geodetic surveying, soil mechanics, or hydraulics. subject科目, 學(xué)科 geodetic surveying大地測(cè)量 soil mechanics hydraulics specialization 專(zhuān)業(yè) 最后兩年的工科課程計(jì)劃包括學(xué)生專(zhuān)業(yè)領(lǐng)域的學(xué) 科。為準(zhǔn)備使學(xué)生成為一名土木工程師, 這些專(zhuān)業(yè) 課程可能會(huì)涉及諸如大地測(cè)量、土力學(xué)，或水力學(xué)。 Active recruiting for engineers often begins before the student39。s last year in the university. Many different corporation and government agencies have peted for the services of engineers in recent years. In the scienceoriented society of today, people who have technical training are, of course, in demand. Young engineers may choose to go into environmental or sanitary engineering, for example, where environmental concerns have created many openings。 or they may choose construction firms that specialize in highway work。 or they may prefer to work with one of the government agencies that deal with water resource. Indeed, the choice is large and varied.近年來(lái)，許多不同的公 司和政府機(jī)構(gòu)為爭(zhēng)奪工程師而競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。在今天 這個(gè)重視科學(xué)技術(shù)的社會(huì)，受過(guò)技術(shù)訓(xùn)練的 人當(dāng)然是受歡迎的。年輕工程師也許選擇進(jìn) 入環(huán)境或衛(wèi)生工程領(lǐng)域工作, 例如, 在環(huán)境問(wèn) 題方面創(chuàng)造的許多機(jī)會(huì)。 或他們也許選擇專(zhuān)門(mén) 的高速公路工程的建筑公司。 或他們也許喜歡 與政府機(jī)構(gòu)當(dāng)中處理水資源的機(jī)構(gòu)之一共事。 的確, 選擇很多且多樣。 When the young engineer has finally started actual practice, the theoretical knowledge acquired in the university must be applied, He or she will probably be assigned at the beginning to work with a team of engineers. Thus, onthejob training can be acquired that will demonstrate his or her ability to translate theory into practice to the supervisors. assign分配, 指派 onthejob ，現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的 demonstrate證明,示范,論證supervisor主管人，管 理人 當(dāng)年輕工程師最后開(kāi)始了真正的實(shí)踐, 必須要運(yùn)用 到大學(xué)中學(xué)到的理論知識(shí)。最初，他或她可能會(huì)被 分配到與工程隊(duì)合作。從而, 他們會(huì)得到在職的培 訓(xùn)，這個(gè)培訓(xùn)將向管理人員證明他們將理論轉(zhuǎn)化為 實(shí)踐的能力。 The civil engineer may work in research, design, construction supervision, maintenance, or even in sales or management. Each of these areas involves different duties, different emphases, and different uses of engineer39。s knowledge and experience. civil construction supervision施工監(jiān)督，施工管理 土木工程師可能在研究、設(shè)計(jì)、施工管理、 養(yǎng)護(hù)或者甚至銷(xiāo)售或管理單位工作。每一個(gè) 工作領(lǐng)域都涉及不同的職責(zé)，不同的著重點(diǎn) 以及運(yùn)用不同的工程理論和經(jīng)驗(yàn)。 Research is one of the most important aspects of scientific and engineering practice. A researcher usually works as a member of a team with other scientists and engineers. He or she is often employed in a laboratory that is financed by government or industry. Areas of research connected with civil engineering include soil mechanics and soil stabilization techniques, and