【正文】 the victims who moved at all were attempting to escape and were overe by smoke. Only two actually exited the dwelling (one returned).Movement speed is likely to have been affected by the intake of carbon monoxide and other gases prior to noticing the fire as well as by the other conditions present. In just over 75% of cases the victims were dead when located by firefighters (. were not hospitalized). Three quarters of those asleep and half of those awake did not move from the room in which they were originally located. This suggests that people asleep succumbed to the products of fire without waking or woke too late to take effective action. (An account from a survivor rescued unconscious from his room paints the likely scenario for the latter: woken by yells, was uncertain what to do, got a lungful of smoke and woke up in hospital.) The people awake who remained in the room where the fire started were three children playing with matches, two people in a gas explosion, three elderly people with restricted mobility 華北水利水電學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）32and a 29 year old with an extensive psychiatric history, an alcohol reading of g/100 ml and therapeutic levels of medication for depression. All nine were engaged in actions that brought them into direct contact with flames. Against the author’s expectations, no differences are discernible in relation either to being asleep or to cue reception and recognition for those with alcohol readings over with others in the 1875 year age group. The effect of alcohol on waking behaviour is presumably hidden because the group is being pared with other high risk groups whose response is similar. The effect of alcohol on waking response needs to be demonstrated through experimental evidence.There is considerable danger in retrospectively judging actions taken in response to awareness of fire when the viewpoint of the victim is absent (consider the misuse of panic as an explanation for behaviour in fire, particularly for nonsuccessful actions) but the data suggest that alcohol may impair judgement regarding appropriate seeing flames and being warned by outsiders. A cate action .Four inebriated people delayed their escape by attending to other taskscollecting items of personal value. (2), drinking, and fighting the fire. Focusing attention on an intermediate goal rather than on self preservation increases danger .The only other instances where escape was consciously delayed involve altruistic behaviour in family units where people were helping others and three 華北水利水電學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）33victims over 70 years who attempted to fight the fire, action that was inappropriate given their physical state and the fire conditions. (Fighting fires is an unusual response in these fires because of the stage of fire development at the time of discovery.) As it is not so unmon for people to take action which endangers their lives further, but which they remain unaware of even after the incident, the interrupting of evacuation may not be so unusual. If th。本文引用了數(shù)位學(xué)者的研究文獻(xiàn)，如果沒(méi)有各位學(xué)者的研究成果的幫助和啟發(fā)，我將很難完成本篇論文的寫(xiě)作。致 謝歷時(shí)三個(gè)月的時(shí)間終于將這篇論文寫(xiě)完，在論文的寫(xiě)作過(guò)程中遇到了無(wú)數(shù)的困難和障礙，都在同學(xué)和老師的幫助下度過(guò)了。2 號(hào)樓梯間前室選用 GXF7D 軸流風(fēng)機(jī)，轉(zhuǎn)速 1450r/min，功率 22Kw，送風(fēng)量 19072~25104 m179。所以加壓風(fēng)機(jī)選型：華北水利水電學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）281 號(hào)樓梯間選用 GXF7D 軸流風(fēng)機(jī)，轉(zhuǎn)速 1450r/min，功率 22Kw，送風(fēng)量 19072~25104 m179。/h，合用前室的送風(fēng)量為 m179。取 ? v風(fēng)口風(fēng)速，取 7msPh=2 號(hào)樓梯間取地下一層為最不利點(diǎn)Ph=2 號(hào)樓梯間前室取地下一層為最不利點(diǎn)Ph=華北水利水電學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）273 號(hào)樓梯間取二層為最不利點(diǎn)Ph=2）沿程阻力計(jì)算 2felvpd??? 沿程阻力系數(shù)，取 ? 最不利風(fēng)口距風(fēng)機(jī)的距離，ml 風(fēng)道的當(dāng)量直徑， 。/h 系統(tǒng)管道計(jì)算1）采用金屬風(fēng)道，V 應(yīng)小于 20m/s，則風(fēng)道面積：1 號(hào)樓梯間25000/(360020)=㎡，取 600mm600mm；2 號(hào)樓梯間16000/(360020)=㎡，取 500mm500mm；2 號(hào)樓梯間前室華北水利水電學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）26(360020)=㎡，取 500mm600mm；3 號(hào)樓梯間25000/(360020)=㎡，取 600mm600mm。3）3 號(hào)樓梯間L=A△P1/n3600=4501/23600=179。/h，根據(jù)規(guī)范，取風(fēng)量為 16000 m179。L1 為樓梯間通過(guò)一扇關(guān)閉門(mén)進(jìn)入該前室的風(fēng)量。/h2ST?采用機(jī)械排煙，取背壓系數(shù)為 ，門(mén)洞風(fēng)速為V=(36002)=＜因此要增加前室加壓送風(fēng)量LS+LT+LL+LA=36002/=10800 m179。/h樓梯間的送風(fēng)量為 179。/h則每層漏風(fēng)量Ld=L/n=179。/h，故取加壓送風(fēng)量 25000 m179。/h： ??1360YnFvbLa???式中 F——每個(gè)門(mén)的開(kāi)啟面積， ㎡； v——開(kāi)啟門(mén)洞處的平均風(fēng)速，取 ~； a——修正系數(shù)，根據(jù)加壓間密封程度取 ~； b——漏風(fēng)附加率，取 ~； n——同時(shí)開(kāi)啟門(mén)的計(jì)算數(shù)量。1）1 號(hào)樓梯間計(jì)算方法有兩種，一為壓差法，一為風(fēng)速法。 加壓送風(fēng)量的計(jì)算本建筑層數(shù)為地上 12 層，地下 1 層，系統(tǒng)負(fù)擔(dān)層數(shù)小于 20 層，根據(jù)規(guī)范，防煙樓梯間單獨(dú)設(shè)置加壓送風(fēng)系統(tǒng)時(shí)，加壓送風(fēng)量為 25000~30000m179。5）防煙樓梯間和合用前室的機(jī)械加壓送風(fēng)防煙系統(tǒng)宜分別獨(dú)立設(shè)置。4）機(jī)械加壓送風(fēng)系統(tǒng)的加壓送風(fēng)量應(yīng)經(jīng)計(jì)算確定。當(dāng)消防電梯前室不具備自然排煙條件時(shí)，應(yīng)設(shè)置機(jī)械加壓送風(fēng)系統(tǒng)。3）設(shè)置部位：；不具備自然排煙條件的樓梯間及采用可開(kāi)啟外窗自然排煙的前室，應(yīng)對(duì)樓梯間設(shè)置加壓送風(fēng)系統(tǒng)。 機(jī)械防煙 機(jī)械防煙的一般規(guī)定1）設(shè)置目的：為了在建筑物發(fā)生火災(zāi)時(shí)候提供不受煙氣干擾的疏散路線和避難場(chǎng)所。/h，選用 型風(fēng)機(jī)，轉(zhuǎn)速 960r/min，功率 22Kw，風(fēng)量 43537~64085m179。/h，全壓為 ，選用 型風(fēng)機(jī)，轉(zhuǎn)速 2900r/min，功率 4Kw，風(fēng)量 3120~12083m179。 阻力和全壓計(jì)算 2felvpd??? 沿程阻力系數(shù)，取 ? 最不利風(fēng)口距風(fēng)機(jī)的距離，ml 風(fēng)道的當(dāng)量直徑， 。/h取較大者，則 D 區(qū)排煙量為 m179。/h利用地下車庫(kù)入口自然補(bǔ)風(fēng)；D 區(qū)為中庭式建筑，面積為 ㎡，按照面積計(jì)算為：QD=120= m179。當(dāng)排煙風(fēng)機(jī)及系統(tǒng)中設(shè)置有軟接頭時(shí)，該軟接頭應(yīng)能在 280℃的環(huán)境條華北水利水電學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）18件下連續(xù)工作不少于 30 風(fēng)機(jī)房?jī)?nèi)。排煙口或排煙閥應(yīng)與排煙風(fēng)機(jī)連鎖，當(dāng)任一排煙口或排煙閥開(kāi)啟時(shí)，排煙風(fēng)機(jī)應(yīng)能自行啟動(dòng)；，應(yīng)設(shè)置手動(dòng)和自動(dòng)開(kāi)啟裝置；，且與附近安全出口沿走道方向相鄰邊緣之間的最小水平距離不應(yīng)小于 。，應(yīng)同時(shí)設(shè)置補(bǔ)風(fēng)系統(tǒng)。須設(shè)置機(jī)械排煙設(shè)施且室內(nèi)凈高小于 6m 的場(chǎng)所應(yīng)劃分防煙分區(qū)；每層防煙分區(qū)的建筑面積不宜超過(guò) 500㎡，防煙分區(qū)不應(yīng)跨越防火分區(qū)。自然排煙口距該防煙分區(qū)最遠(yuǎn)點(diǎn)的水平距離不應(yīng)超過(guò) 30m。則地下車庫(kù)劃分為兩個(gè)防煙分區(qū) A、B，一層咖啡廳為一個(gè)防煙分區(qū) C，一層餐廳和門(mén)廳及門(mén)廳上空劃分為一個(gè)防煙分區(qū) D，三層走道和男浴室劃分為一個(gè)防煙分區(qū) E，三層男更衣室和服務(wù)大廳劃分為一個(gè)防煙分區(qū) F，三層女浴室及更衣室劃分為一個(gè)防煙分區(qū) G，四層休息大廳，大廳及餐廳分別劃分為一個(gè)防煙分區(qū) H、I，六層會(huì)議室和健身房以及走道劃分為一個(gè)防煙分區(qū)J，十二層會(huì)議室和走道劃分為一個(gè)防煙分區(qū) K。防煙分區(qū)的劃分規(guī)則如下：（包括地下室）和走道，不劃分防煙分區(qū)（包括地下室）按規(guī)定都需要設(shè)置排煙設(shè)施時(shí)，可根據(jù)具體情況分設(shè)或合設(shè)排煙設(shè)施，并按分設(shè)或合設(shè)的情況劃分防煙分區(qū)。排煙管道應(yīng)采取隔熱防火措施或與可燃物保持不小于 155mm 的距離。華北水利水電學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）133）下列場(chǎng)所應(yīng)設(shè)置排煙設(shè)施： 300㎡的地上房間；人員、可燃物較多的丙類廠房或高度大于 32m 的高層廠房中長(zhǎng)度大于 20m 的內(nèi)走道；任一層建筑面積大于 5000㎡的丁類廠房； 1000㎡的丙類倉(cāng)庫(kù)；，且建筑面積大于 300㎡的地上房間；公共建筑中長(zhǎng)度大于 20m 的內(nèi)走道；；、二、三層且房間建筑面積大于 200㎡或設(shè)置在四層及四層以上或地下、半地下的歌舞娛樂(lè)放映游藝場(chǎng)所； 200㎡或一個(gè)房間建筑面積大于 50㎡且經(jīng)常有人停留或可燃物較多的地下、半地下建筑或地下室、半地下室； 40m 的疏散走道。當(dāng)采用防火墻確有困難時(shí)，可采用防火卷簾等防火分隔設(shè)施分隔。自動(dòng)噴水滅火系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)符合現(xiàn)行國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)《自動(dòng)噴水滅火系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范》GB50084 的有關(guān)規(guī)定，但其火災(zāi)延續(xù)時(shí)間不應(yīng)小于 。3）當(dāng)多層建筑物內(nèi)設(shè)置自動(dòng)扶梯、敞開(kāi)樓梯等上下層相連通的開(kāi)口時(shí)，其防火分區(qū)面積應(yīng)按上下