【正文】 inds of research, which can usefully be conducted on representative links in the chain of munication. Each agent is a vortex of interacting environmental and predispositional factors. Whoever performs a relay function can be examined in relation to input and output. What statements are brought to the attention of the relay link? What does he pass on verbatim? What does he drop out? What does he rework? What does he add? How do differences in input and output correlate with culture and personality? By answering such questions it is possible to weigh the various factors in conductance, no conductance, and modified conductance (p. 95). Besides the relay link, we must consider the primary link in a munication sequence. In studying the focus of attention of the primary observer, we emphasize two sets of influences: statements to which he is exposed。 and in relation to power we can differentiate the political doctrine, the political formula, and the miranda. These are illustrated in the United States by the doctrine of individualism, the paragraphs of the Constitution, which are the formula, and the ceremonies and legends of public life, which prise the Miranda (p. 91). The ideology is municated to the rising generation through such specialized agencies as the home and school. Ideology is only part of the myths of any given society. There may be counterideologies directed against the dominant doctrine, formula, and miranda. Today the power structure of world politics is deeply affected by ideological conflict, and by the role of two giant powers, the United States and Russia. The ruling elites view one another as potential enemies, not only in the sense that interstate differences may be settled by war, but in the more urgent sense that the ideology of the other may appeal to disaffected elements at home and weaken the internal power position of each ruling class. Social conflict and municationUnder the circumstances, one ruling element is especially alert to the other, and relies upon munication as a means of preserving power. One function of munication, therefore, is to provide intelligence about what the other elite is doing, and about its strength. Fearful that intelligence channels will be controlled by the other, in order to withhold and distort, there is a tendency to resort to secret surveillance. Hence international espionage is intensified above its usual level in peacetime. Moreover, efforts are made to black out the self in order to counteract the scrutiny of the potential enemy.In addition, munication is employed affirmatively for the purpose of establishing contact with audiences within the frontiers of the other power. These varied activities are manifested in the use of open and secret agents to scrutinize the other, in counterintelligence work, in censorship and travel restriction, in broadcasting and other informational activities across frontiers. Ruling elites are also sensitized to potential threats in the internal environment. Besides using open sources of information, secret measures are also adopted. Precautions are taken to impose security upon as many policy matters as possible. At the same time, the ideology of the elite is reaffirmed, and counterideologies are suppressed (p. 92). The processes here sketched run parallel to phenomena to be observed throughout the animal kingdom. Specialized agencies are used to keep aware of threats and opportunities in the external environment. The parallels include the surveillance exercised over the internal environment, since among the lower animals some herd leaders sometimes give evidence of fearing attack on two fronts, internal and external。 of radio engineers and other technicians associated with broadcasting. Such message handlers may be contrasted with those who affect the content of what is said, which is the munication of editors, censors, and propagandists. Speaking of the symbol specialists as a whole, therefore, we separate them into the manipulators (controllers) and the handlers。 and many controllers of mass media use scientific methods of sampling in order to expedite this closing of the circuit.Circuits of twoway contact are particularly in evidence among the great metropolitan, political, and cultural centers of the world. New York, Moscow, London, and Paris, for example, are in intense twoway contact, even when the flow is severely curtailed in volume (as between Moscow and New York). Even insignificant sites bee world centers when they are transformed into capital cities (Canberra, Australia。 (2) the correlation of the parts of society in responding to the environment。 and our analysis of munication will deal with the specializations that carry on certain functions, of which the following may be clearly distinguished: (i) the surveillance of the environment。 in any case he is an assembly point of news and ment.More detailed equivalences The munication processes of human society, when examined in detail, reveal many equivalences to the specializations found in the physical organism and in the lower animal societies. The diplomats, for instance, of a single state are stationed all over the world and send messages to a few focal points. Obviously, these ining reports move from the many to the few, where they interact upon one another. Later on, the sequence spreads fanwise according to a fewtomany pattern, as when a foreign secretary gives a speech in public, an article is put out in the press, or a news film is distributed to the theaters. The lines leading from the outer environment of the state are functionally equivalent to the afferent channels that convey ining nervous impulses to the central nervous system of a single animal, and to the means by which alarm is spread among a flock. Outgoing, or efferent, impulses display corresponding parallels. The central nervous system of the body is only part