【正文】 as a chamber of revision, plementing but not rivaling the elect House.貴族院（上議院）由神職貴族和世俗貴族組成。 main functions of Parliament are: (1) to pass laws。它的權(quán)力受限于法律和議會(huì)。從法律上講，她是行政首腦，立法機(jī)構(gòu)的組成部分，司法首腦，全國(guó)武裝部隊(duì)總司令，英國(guó)國(guó)教“至高無(wú)上”的領(lǐng)袖。英國(guó)的議會(huì)制度并不是基于成文憲法,英國(guó)憲法不由單一文件構(gòu)成,而由成文法,習(xí)慣法和慣例組成。交通和家庭供熱系統(tǒng)主要依靠石油，因?yàn)榇蟛糠洲r(nóng)業(yè)的高度機(jī)械化，食品供應(yīng)也靠石油。Today the coal industry in Britain is on the decline，the number of miners, collieries and the total output have been falling.如今的英國(guó)煤礦業(yè)衰退，從而導(dǎo)致礦工、煤礦的數(shù)量和總產(chǎn)量都大大下降。s government took numerous measures to improve the efficiency of the economy during the past decade, using both macroeconomic and microeconomic policies.撒切爾政府運(yùn)用宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)政策和微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)政策，采取許多措施提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。一個(gè)顯著特點(diǎn)是時(shí)間長(zhǎng)，復(fù)蘇持續(xù)了7年。其主要特點(diǎn)是經(jīng)濟(jì)緩慢而持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)，失業(yè)率低，物質(zhì)豐富，人民消費(fèi)水平不斷增長(zhǎng)。2. The Labor Party had its origin in the Independent Labor Party(ILP), which was formed in January, 1893. In 1900, representatives of trade unions, the ILP, and a number of small socialist societies set up the Labor Representation Committee (LRC). The LRC changed its name to the Labor Party for the general election called for in 1906.工黨起源于獨(dú)立工黨，于1893年1月成立。輝格黨人在19世紀(jì)中葉與持不同意見的托利黨人組盟組成自由黨。其作用是咨詢而非決定；也沒(méi)有選舉和政黨。 英國(guó)北部、西部雨量過(guò)多，但是南部、東部有所缺乏。環(huán)繞四周的海水。IV. Climate 氣候 1. Britain39。Lough Neagh is the largest lake in Britain which is located in Northern Ireland. (396 square kilometres).訥湖（內(nèi)伊湖）是英國(guó)最大的湖，位于北愛爾蘭。Severn River is the longest river in Britain (338km).塞文河是英國(guó)最長(zhǎng)的河流。南面的英吉利海峽和東面的北海將它與歐洲其它部分隔開。 Commonwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991.英聯(lián)邦是曾為英國(guó)殖民地的、但現(xiàn)已獨(dú)立國(guó)家所構(gòu)成的自由聯(lián)合體。首府:愛丁堡。(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north。 name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名稱:大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國(guó)。政治紀(jì)律遵守不好，其他方面的紀(jì)律也遵守不好。領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部只有嚴(yán)于律己，公正嚴(yán)明，職工群眾才能相信組織，好的黨風(fēng)、政風(fēng)、行風(fēng)才能樹起來(lái)。要立志做大事，把心思用在工作上，用在干事業(yè)上，用在為職工群眾謀利益上。政治紀(jì)律是根本的紀(jì)律。Land and People英國(guó)的國(guó)土與人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英國(guó)的不同名稱及其各組成部分 names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名稱:不列顛群島，大不列顛和英格蘭。(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格蘭位于大不列顛島南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地區(qū)。它有三大自然區(qū):北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。首府:貝爾法斯特。它位于大西洋北部，與歐洲大陸的北海岸隔海相望。 III. Rivers and Lakes 河流與湖泊 Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain (1,343m).本尼維斯山為英國(guó)最高峰，海拔1,343米。全長(zhǎng)336公里。Snowdonia is the highest mountain in Wales.（1,085m）斯諾多尼亞是威爾士的最高點(diǎn)，海拔1,085米。 factors influence the climate in Britain:影響英國(guó)氣候的因素:1）The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer。 降雨量: Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The average annual rainfall in Britain is over 1,000mm. There is a water surplus in the north and west, and a water deficit in the south and east.英國(guó)全年降雨量穩(wěn)定，平均降雨量超過(guò)1000毫米。大議會(huì)發(fā)展到后來(lái)演變成議會(huì)，分為上議院和下議院。The Whig were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Whig were to form a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid19th century and bee the Liberal Party.輝格黨人是指那些反對(duì)絕對(duì)王權(quán)，支持新教徒宗教自由權(quán)利的人。I. Trade Unions and the Labour Party 工會(huì)和工黨1. The Trade Union Act of 1871 legalized the trade unions and gave financial security.1871年通過(guò)的《工會(huì)法》使工會(huì)合法化并給其財(cái)政保障。 The Economy 英國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì) I. The Evolution of the British Economy since the War The evolution of the British economy since WWII falls into three periods:二戰(zhàn)后英國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展可分為三個(gè)階段:(1) Steady development in the 50s and 60s: The British economy in this period is characterized by slow but steady growth, low unemployment and great material prosperity with rising standards of consumption.（1）戰(zhàn)后5060年代平穩(wěn)發(fā)展時(shí)期。(3) Economic recovery in the 80s: An outstanding feature of the economic recovery in the 80s was its length, lasting seven years. Another was the improved financial position of the government, with stronger current account of the balance of payments.（3）80年代經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇。s government to improve the economyMrs. Thatcher39。Reasons for the British coal mining is called a “sick” industry today. Reasons for the British coal mining is called a “sick” industry today.英國(guó)煤礦被稱為“生病”工業(yè)的原因。今天英國(guó)的石油不僅能自給自足，還有盈余供出口。聯(lián)合王國(guó)以君的名義,由國(guó)王或女王陛下政府治理?！? Queen is the symbol of the whole nation. In law, She is head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, the man