【正文】 y for the general election called for in 1906.工黨起源于獨(dú)立工黨，于1893年1月成立。一個(gè)顯著特點(diǎn)是時(shí)間長，復(fù)蘇持續(xù)了7年。Today the coal industry in Britain is on the decline，the number of miners, collieries and the total output have been falling.如今的英國煤礦業(yè)衰退，從而導(dǎo)致礦工、煤礦的數(shù)量和總產(chǎn)量都大大下降。英國的議會(huì)制度并不是基于成文憲法,英國憲法不由單一文件構(gòu)成,而由成文法,習(xí)慣法和慣例組成。它的權(quán)力受限于法律和議會(huì)。 House of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. The main function of the House of Lords is to bring the wide experience of its members into the process of lawmaking. In other words, the nonelected House is to act as a chamber of revision, plementing but not rivaling the elect House.貴族院（上議院）由神職貴族和世俗貴族組成。從1945年以來，兩黨一直輪流執(zhí)政，在大選中獲多數(shù)議席因而在下議院擁有多數(shù)支持者的政黨組建政府，多數(shù)黨領(lǐng)袖由君主任命為首相。它在歷史上也稱為國王議會(huì)。 Government 地方政府部門 1. There are two main tiers of local authority throughout England and Wales: counties and the smaller districts. Now, England and Wales are divided into 53 counties which are subdivided into 369 districts.英格蘭和威爾士實(shí)行兩級(jí)地方政府制—郡和比郡小的區(qū)。法典來源包括:（1）成文法；（2）大量的“不成文法”或習(xí)慣法；（3）衡平法；（4）歐共體法。在由陪審團(tuán)進(jìn)行的刑事審判中，法官判刑，但陪審團(tuán)決定是否有罪。 The Crown Court tries the most serious offences and ‘either way” offences referred to it by magistrates. The Crown Court is presided over by High Court judges, fulltime circuit Judges and parttime Recorders England and Wales are divided into six circuits for the purpose of hearing criminal case. Each circuit is divided into areas containing one or more centers of High Court and Crown Court.皇家刑事法庭。莊重訴訟里，被告由陪審團(tuán)和法官審理。主要包括民事案和一些刑事案，高等法院有三個(gè)分支:（1）家事庭；（2）娃哈哈官庭；（3）王室庭。娃哈哈官推薦高等法官和巡回法官。此制度的所需資金來源于全國保險(xiǎn)稅和賦稅。英國國民保健制度82%以下的費(fèi)用來自普通稅收，其他部分來自（1）國民保險(xiǎn)金中的國民保險(xiǎn)金部分；（2）象對(duì)家庭一生開的藥單和普通牙科。 VI. Treatment of offenders對(duì)違法者的處理 The chief aims of the penal system are to deter the potential lawbreaker and to reform the convicted offender.刑罰制度的主要目的是阻止?jié)撛诘倪`法者，并改造已判的違法者。中央政府的司法工作主要由娃哈哈官內(nèi)政大臣和檢察總長負(fù)責(zé)。 (3) the Queen’s Bench Division.治安法庭只有一定的民事審判權(quán)。(3) the district court. Scotland has two types of criminal procedure, know as solemn procedure and summary procedure. In solemn procedure, a defendant is tried by a judge sits without a jury.英格蘭有三種刑事法院:（1）高級(jí)法院；（2）郡法院；（3）區(qū)法院。治安法庭審察時(shí)沒有陪審團(tuán)。每位被告都有權(quán)雇傭律師為其辯護(hù)。 (4) European Community. Another mon feature is the distinction made between criminal law and civil law. 聯(lián)合王國不實(shí)行完全統(tǒng)一的法律制度。公務(wù)員部門不屬于任何政黨，政府的變更并不影響部門職員的變更。 individual Ministers are responsible to Parliament for the work of their department.內(nèi)閣的所有決定由大臣集體向議會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)，各大臣又為各自部門的工作向議會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)。大選必須五年舉行一次，但經(jīng)常不到五年就進(jìn)行一次選舉。 (3) to examine government Policy and administrations, including proposal for expenditure。對(duì)議會(huì)通過的法案給予御準(zhǔn)。第七章 Government and Administration英國政府機(jī)構(gòu) The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, the head of state is a king or a queen. The United Kingdom is governed, in the name of the Sovereign by His or Her Majesty’s Government. The System of parliamentary government is not based on a written constitution, the British constitution is not set out in any single document. It is made up of statute law, mon law and conventions. The Judiciary determines mon law and interprets statutes.聯(lián)合王國是君主立憲制國家,國家的首腦是國王或女王。(2) Microeconomic policies were aimed at working with the grain of market forces by encouraging enterprise, efficiency and flexibility.微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)政策旨在通過鼓勵(lì)實(shí)業(yè)，效率和靈活性共同努力提高市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。在70年代，英國在所有的發(fā)達(dá)資本主義國家中，始終保持最低經(jīng)濟(jì)增長率，最高的通貨膨脹率，和最高的貿(mào)易赤字紀(jì)錄。托利黨是保守黨的前身。1265年，西門德孟福爾召開大議會(huì)，各縣有兩名騎士，各鎮(zhèn)有兩名市民參加。全年有穩(wěn)定可靠的降雨量，氣溫變化幅度小。Thames River is the second longest and most important river in Britain. (336km).泰晤士河是英國第二大河，也是英國最重要的河。 II. Geographical Features 英國的地理特征 position of Britain:英國的地理位置:Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. 英國是一個(gè)島國。 the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh蘇格蘭位于大不列顛的北部。黨員必須在行動(dòng)上服從，決不允許公開發(fā)表同中央的決定相反的言論，決不允許散布同黨的路線方針政策相反的意見，決不允許制造、傳播政治謠言，決不允許有令不行，有禁不止，搞“上有政策，下有對(duì)策”。一是作為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部一定要樹立正確的權(quán)力觀和科學(xué)的發(fā)展觀，權(quán)力必須為職工群眾謀利益，絕不能為個(gè)人或少數(shù)人謀取私利。講政治紀(jì)律，就是要堅(jiān)持黨的基本理論、基本路線不動(dòng)搖，在政治上同黨中央保持一致，保證中央的政令暢通。 the Central lowlands。它成立于1931年，至1990年止已有50個(gè)成員國。全長338公里。s favorable climate 英國有利的氣候條件:Britain has a maritime climatewinters are not too cold and summers are not too hot. It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The temperature varies within a small range. 英國屬于海洋性氣候:冬季不過于寒冷，夏季不過于炎熱。 origins of the English Parliament 英國議會(huì)的起源The Great Council is known to be the prototype of the