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【正文】 nsumption structure. The result is in Figure 2, the convergence of consumption structure is clearly 2 is based on Eurostat data – Consumption Expenditures of Private Households. In Figure 3, we touch the question of the long – run stability of the consumption structure. Based on a mix of OECDand Eurostat data, it seems that once the consumption structure has converged, it stays relatively stable, as it is the case for the old EU members for the years 1980, 1990 and 2020. The convergence is quite quick, about two thirds of the gap between the old and new EU members were closed in 8 years. 3. Post Keynesian Motives of Consumer Behavior In contrast with the mainstream neoclassical theories of consumer behavior, in the postKeynesian approach to consumption, outlays for different goods are determined by social and psychological motives. In our model we assume four different motives of consumer choice。 本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯 外文題目： Convergence of Consumption Structure 出 處： Working Papers IES 作 者： Tom225。kov225。 w1 = 。 w5 = . With these parameters, the most decisive motive for each consumer is his or her previous consumption (weight 50 %). Both the membership in an ine group and in an employees group have the same influence on the consumption decision (weight 20 %). The weight with that the consumers take the decisions of all consumers into account is 15%. The negative social correlation has twice as high weight as the aspiration towards higher social group (10 % and 5 %). With these default parameters, the development of total ines of sectors – industrial branches during the first 50 iterations is in Figure 6. We can see a clear tendency of decrease in expenditures on food and beverages and increase in expenditures on housing and education. In Figure 7 and Figure 8 we can see the development of expenditures for these consumption types for specific ine groups. It is evident that after a couple of periods, all ine groups will converge toward the EU. In Figure 9 we can see that after 50 iterations, the structure of consumption in the fourth and fifth ine groups is in principle identical to the structure in the EU and even the differences for the three lower ine groups are not big. So the model suggests, that the structure of consumption in the CR can approach the structure of consumption in the EU15 in 50 periods (about 4 years). The convergence of the model with chosen parameters is pleted approximately after 140 periods (about 12 years). To present this result in a similar way as in the empirical analysis of convergence, we use in Figure 10 the sum of variances as the measure of convergence. 7. The impact of changes of the tax rate on the speed of convergence With the growth of the tax rate the differences among ines diminish. Above the 60% tax rate, the redistributional effect is so high that we get strong fluctuations in both ines and expenditures. Bellow the 60% tax rate, we do not get any considerable impact of the tax rate changes on the speed of convergence. In Figure 11 and Figure 12 we can see the impact of the tax rate changes on expenditures in two industrial branches. In contradiction with the intuitive expectations, the growing tax rate makes the convergence of higher ine groups slower even in the case in which the share of expenditures is originally hig
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