【正文】 lass. Professor: In the last 15 years or so, many American cities have had difficulties in maintaining a successful retail environment. Business owners in the city centers or the downtown areas have experienced some financial losses, because of the city movement of the people out of the city and then into suburbs. In general, downtown areas, just don’t have that many residential areas, not that many people live there. So what did city planners decide to do about it? While, one way they’ve came up with the some ways to attract more people, to shop downtown was by creating pedestrian malls. Now, what is a pedestrian mall? It’s a pretty simple concept really, it is essentially an outdoor shopping area designed just for people on foot. And… well, unlike many of other shopping malls that are built in suburb nowadays, these pedestrian malls are typically located in the downtown areas of the city. And there are features like white sidewalks, fortable outdoor sitting and maybe even for tensUN…you know art. There are variations on this model of course, but the mon denominators are always an idea of creating a shopping space that will get people to shop in the city without needing their cars. So I am sure you can see how heavy an area that offlimits to automobile traffic would be ideal for heavily populated city where, well, the streets will otherwise be bustling with noise, unpleasant traffic congestion. Now the concept which originated in Europe was adopted by American city planners in the late 1950s. And since then, a number of Unites States’ cities have created the pedestrian malls. And many of them have been highly successful. So what does city planner learns about making these malls succeed? Well, there are two critical factors to consider when creating the pedestrian malls location and design. Both of which are equally important. Now let39。 you might read up on cushy stage of cognitive development we covered those in class. Student: Aha… Professor: And most likely, what stage would a child of that age be in? Student: Um… the pre operational stage? Professor: Exactly, if that’s the case, her languages used to be maturing and her memory and imagination would be developed. Student: So she might play pretend like she can pretend when driving her toy car across a couch that the couch is actually a bridge or something. Professor: That is right. In addition, her thinking would be primarily egocentric. Student: So she would be thinking mostly about herself and her own needs, and might not be able to see things from anyone else perspective. Professor: En hums… Student: But what if she doesn’t? I mean, what if she doesn’t demonstrate those behaviors? Professor: That’s fine。ll call it customer base and accessibility to public transportation which we will get into just a moment. Now, for a customer base, the most obvious example would be a large office building since the employees could theoretically go shopping after work or during their lunch hour, right? Another really good example is convention center which typically has a hotel and large meeting spaces to draw visitors to the city for major business conferences and events. But ideally, the pedestrian malls will be used by local residents, not just people working in the city or visiting the area. So that39。t a convention center around to help joining visitors and was the only nearby hotel eventually closed down for that same reason. Well, you can imagine how these malls affected local and pedestrian malls business owners. Sort of what was we called it a chain reaction. It wasn39。t grow near the running water. Oh, and there39。s go back to where you were headed before, Mike. You mentioned the change that occurred after Europeans came to North America. Student: Yeah, well, there used to be beavers all over the place, something like 200 million beavers, just in the continental United States. But when Europeans came, they started hunting the beavers for their fur, because beaver fur is really warm, and it was really popular for making hats in Europe. So the beavers were hunted a lot, overhunted, they are almost extinct by the 1800s, so… that meant fewer wetlands, less standing water. Professor: And what does that mean for the ecosystem? Kate? Student: Well if there is less standing water than the ecosystem can support its many species, because a lot of insects and fish and frogs can39。ve probably heard about water shortages or restrictions on how much water you can use, especially in the summer time, in recent years. And remember what I said about groundwater。t been here before. Student: No, no I haven39。t really understand. Student: I guess I prefer my own room. I concentrate better about myself and I don39。 it’s all about fighting and battles. I mean can both of them be considered to be poems? Professor: Well, think back to the very beginning of this course. Student: Aha Professor: Remember how