【正文】 TPO 13 – Listening Part Part 1 Script: TPO 13 – Conversation 1 Professor: Good afternoon, Alex, can I help you with something? Student: Well, I want to talk with you about the research project you have assigned today. I um…I hop e you could clarify a few things for me. Professor: I’ll certainly try. Student: Ok, all we have to do is do two observations and take notes on them, right? Professor: Ur, that’s the start, but you need to do some research, too. Then you will write a paper that is not so much about the observations, but a synthesis of what you have observed and read. Student: Ok….And what about the children I am suppose to observe? Professor: Not children, a single child observed twice. Student: Oh…Ok, so I should choose a child with a permission of a child’s parents of course and then observed that child a couple of times and take good notes, then? Professor: Actually after your first observation, you go back and look through your textbook or go to a library and find a few sources concerning the stage of development, the particular child is in. Then, with that knowledge, you will make the second observation of the same child to see if these expected developmental behaviors are exhibited. Student: Can you give me an example? Professor: Well, en, if you observed a 4 yearold child, for example, my daughter is 4 years old。 you might read up on cushy stage of cognitive development we covered those in class. Student: Aha… Professor: And most likely, what stage would a child of that age be in? Student: Um… the pre operational stage? Professor: Exactly, if that’s the case, her languages used to be maturing and her memory and imagination would be developed. Student: So she might play pretend like she can pretend when driving her toy car across a couch that the couch is actually a bridge or something. Professor: That is right. In addition, her thinking would be primarily egocentric. Student: So she would be thinking mostly about herself and her own needs, and might not be able to see things from anyone else perspective. Professor: En hums… Student: But what if she doesn’t? I mean, what if she doesn’t demonstrate those behaviors? Professor: That’s fine。 you’ll note that in your paper. See, your paper should pare what is expected of children at certain stages of development with what you actually observed. Student: Ok, I have one more question now. Professor: What’s that? Student: Where can I find a child to observe? Professor: Ur, I suggest you contact the education department secretary. She has a list of contacts at various schools and with certain families who are somehow connected to the university. Sometimes they are willing to help out students with projects like yours. Student: Ok, I’ll stop by the educational department office this afternoon. Professor: And if you have any trouble or any more questions, feel free to e by during my office hours. TPO 13 – Lecture 1 Narrator: Listen to the lecture in the city planning class. Professor: In the last 15 years or so, many American cities have had difficulties in maintaining a successful retail environment. Business owners in the city centers or the downtown areas have experienced some financial losses, because of the city movement of the people out of the city and then into suburbs. In general, downtown areas, just don’t have that many residential areas, not that many people live there. So what did city planners decide to do about it? While, one way they’ve came up with the some ways to attract more people, to shop downtown was by creating pedestrian malls. Now, what is a pedestrian mall? It’s a pretty simple concept really, it is essentially an outdoor shopping area designed just for people on foot. And… well, unlike many of other shopping malls that are built in suburb nowadays, these pedestrian malls are typically located in the downtown areas of the city. And there are features like white sidewalks, fortable outdoor sitting and maybe even for tensUN…you know art. There are variations on this model of course, but the mon denominators are always an idea of creating a shopping space that will get people to shop in the city without needing their cars. So I am sure you can see how heavy an area that offlimits to automobile traffic would be ideal for heavily populated city where, well, the streets will otherwise be bustling with noise, unpleasant traffic congestion. Now the concept which originated in Europe was adopted by American city planners in the late 1950s. And since then, a number of Unites States’ cities have created the pedestrian malls. And many of them have been highly successful. So what does city planner learns about making these malls succeed? Well, there are two critical