【正文】 they did find anisms that could live under those conditions? Professor: They did indeed, something like 300 different species Student 1 But... but how could that be? I mean without sunlight, no energy, no no … Protessor: What they discovered was that microanisms, bacteria, had taken over both functions of the biological munity the recycling of waste materials and the production of energy. They were the energy source. You see, it turns out that certain microanisms are chemosynthetic they don39。 texts and drawings through the medieval over w riting . Lecture 4 Narrator: Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class. Professor: OK. We39。ve used ultraviolet light and some other techniques, and if you39。s considered one of the greatest Mathematicians who ever lived, even though , many of his writings had been lost , includi ng what many now think to be his most important work called The Method . But in 1998, a book of prayers from the Middle Ages sold in an art auction for a lot of money, more money than anyone would pay for a damaged book from the 12th century. Beautiful or not, why? It had been discovered that the book was a palimpsest, and beneath the surface writing on the manual script laid, guess what? Mathematical theorems and diagrams from Archimedes Archimedes39。t realize . Professor Think of your brain as: a muscle. If you didn39。s back up. You say you studied, where, at home? Samantha At my kitchen table actually . Professor And that39。ll be future researchers who have a better perspective and will be able to really draw a line between the Holocene and the Anthropocene epics. Conversation 2 Narrator Listen to part of a conversation between a student and her biology . Professor Hi Samantha, how did your track meet go? Samantha Great! I placed first in one race and third in another. Professor Congratulations ! You must practice a lot. Samantha Three times a week preseason, but now that we ’ re peting every weekend, we practice 6 days a week from 3:30 till 5:00. Professor Athletics place a heavy demand on your time, don ’ t they? Samantha Yeah, but I really love peting, so … Professor You know I played soccer in college and my biggest challenge, and I didn ’ t always succeed, was getting my studying in during soccer season. Are you having a similar … Samantha No, I … I really do make time to study. A nd I actually study more for this class than I do for all my other classes. B ut I didn ’ t see the grade I expected on my midterm exam, which is why I came by. Professor Well, you didn39。s pretty easy to diffe rentiate geologically between these two epics. Now there is growing evidence that the presence of humans has altered the earth so much that a new epic of geologic history has began – the Anthropocene epic, a new humaninflue nced epic. T his idea that we ’ ve entered a new Anthropocene epic was first proposed in 2020. T he idea is that around the year 1800 CE the human population became large enough, around a billion people, that its activities started altering the environment. T his was also the time of the industrial revolution, which brought a tremendous increase in the use of fossil fuels such coal. The exploitation of fossil fuels has brought pla wide developments: industrialization, construction, uh, mass transport. And these developments have caused major changes like additional erosion of the Earth ’ s surface and deforestation. Also, things like the damming of rivers , has caused increased sediment production, not to mention the addition of more carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere . Naturally all these changes show up in recent sediments. And these sediments are quite different from pre year 1800 sediment layers. Interestingly there39。t even perceive irrelevant information when we are concentrating? Professor Yes that39。s one of the hypotheses that was proposed, that the brain simply doesn39。s not. It39。ll cover everything you need to know to be a report e r for us . Can you e back this afternoon? He will be here until 5 o39。ve got that covered Student So I am starting with an article about the physics department. I guess I39。t looked at them yet . Advisor Oh, Max, the news editor. He looks a t all the submissions Student Oh , so he hasn39。d like the experience. It would look good on my resume . Advisor Absolutely! Let39。re interested in working for the paper. Student Yeah, as a reporter . Advisor That39。TPO TPO TPO TPO 15151515 – – – – Listening Listening Listening Listening Part Part Part Part Conversation Conversation Conversation Conversation 1 1 1 1 Narrator: Listen to a conversation between a student and the faculty advisor of the campus newspaper . Student Hi! I talked to someone on the phone a couple of weeks ago, Anna , I think it was? Advisor I39。t r e member me, but … Advisor No! No! I remember you . You39。t pay anything, right? Student Yeah, I know, but I huh.. . I39。d stop by and see, but I guess you haven39。re trying to e up with ways to get more students to take their introductory courses. Advisor Right, well , apparently, nobody else is covering that story , so he wants you to follow up on it. Student OK. Uh … wha t the other outline I sent in, about the proposed increase in tuition fees? Advisor Oh, it lo oks like we39。ll want to do some interviews, you know, what do