【正文】
etallic dampers within a structural system, it isnecessary to formulate design guidelines and procedures basedon knowledge gained from theoretical and experimental studies.Since all metallic yield dampers are nonlinear devices, alinear system with such devices will bee nonlinear. Someresearch has been conducted in an effort to establish designmethodologies for metallic energy dissipation systems by puttingthe hysteretic forcedisplacement model of metallic devicesin the equation of motion of the structure to be designed.Response analysis under all intensity levels of earthquakes canthen be conducted and, on the basis of analytical results, adesign methodology for structures with metallic devices maybe established (Xia et aJ. 1990。 (c) In.T!~+1o(b)o~t 0 0 ..:L~ I(a)I10.113(e)11i 10~ Imaterials, such as lead and shapememory alloys, have beenevaluated (Sakurai et aI. 1992。11~..(a)1.10i ~ I~ 0 0..J ..III1 0 1Dlapl8C8l1len1 (Inch)~.2 Whittaker et al. 1991。 and section 8 dealswith research needs. An extensive list of references is providedin the references section.Given the very broad and interdisciplinary nature of the fieldof structural control and monitoring of civil infrastructure systems,it is not feasible to discuss or cite all relevant publicationsand applications. The writers have done their best topresent a balanced view of the developments in the field ofstructural control and monitoring, however, only a limitednumber of references could be cited. Consequently, absence ofa citation of a particular work should not be construed as implyinganything about the publication39。 section 4 deals with hybrid and semiactive controlsystems。s。ASCE, ISSN 07339399/97/000908970971/$ + $.50 per page. Paper No. 15617.can be an important part of designing new structures and retrofittingexisting structures for earthquake and wind. Therefore,it seems desirable to issue this survey of publications ofstructural control research and applications, and to present directionsfor future research.In the United States, the evolution of the civil engineeringfield of structural control has been rapid, attracting the interestand attention of scores of researchers over the past severaldecades. Though having its roots primarily in such aerospacerelatedproblems as tracking and pointing, and in flexible spacestructures, the technology quickly moved into civil engineeringand infrastructurerelated issues, such as the protection ofbuildings and bridges from extreme loads of earthquakes andwinds. Since the initial conceptual study by Yao in 1972, thefield has continued to mature, culminating in the First WorldConference on Structural Control, held in Los Angeles in August1994. This attracted 337 participants from 15 countries,and 225 technical papers covering various aspects of structuralcontrol were presented. The formation of the International Associationfor Structural Control (IASC) as a governing bodyand sponsor of future conferences and workshops took placein 1994. ASCE became a member of the American AutomaticControl Council (AACC) in 1995, joining such peer organizationsas the IEEE, AIAA, AIChE, and ASME who have along history of involvement in controls engineering. Furthermore,in Japan, structural control has developed in parallel andmore than 20 fullscale buildings are currently implementedwith active control systems, primarily to enhance occupantfort during periods of high winds。39。Prof., Dept. of Aeronautical and Astronautical Engrg., Coli. of Engrg.,Univ. of I1linois at UrbanaChampaign, Urbana, IL 61801.39。 section 6 deals with smart material systems。 section 2 deals with passiveenergy dissipation。 美國國家結(jié)構(gòu)振動控制研討會于1990年在由美國國家委員會的資助的美國國家科學(xué)基金會(NSF)的主持下在美國南加州大學(xué)召開,吸引了近100位參與著,其中包括來自加拿大 中國,德國,意大利,日本,墨西哥和西班牙的幾位代表。那些已經(jīng)使用在已建成的建筑物及橋梁上的結(jié)構(gòu)控制表明,這是一個寶貴的工程工具。在部署時單純的提高主動控制增大了它的不穩(wěn)定的可能性,相反,空間結(jié)構(gòu)需要主動控制的穩(wěn)定性。自從20世紀(jì)70年代TMDs已在美國得到應(yīng)用,這樣的例子你可以在波士頓的約翰漢考克大廈和在紐約的花旗集團(tuán)大廈得到證明。這個裝置是一個經(jīng)典的動力吸振器,組成的輔助的質(zhì)量占總的結(jié)構(gòu)質(zhì)量的1%,設(shè)置于建筑物的頂部,并通過一個無源的彈簧與阻尼器連接。對于柔性結(jié)構(gòu)例如高層建筑來說,特別是那些易受強風(fēng)吹襲的,輔助阻尼器成功的發(fā)揮了作用。某些結(jié)構(gòu),因為它們的形狀,例如修長的高層建筑,可能不適合用基礎(chǔ)隔震。目的是較為靈活的安裝在的基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)上,依據(jù)高頻率的地面運動和延長至約2秒的振動的固有周期。線性系統(tǒng)的理論及其應(yīng)用到振動領(lǐng)域,并應(yīng)用到特定的結(jié)構(gòu)動力學(xué),要比二十世紀(jì)的前半葉需要更多的發(fā)展。事實上,這種要求在強度和安全上是相互沖突的。單獨的強度設(shè)計并不一定保證該建筑物維持對居住者的舒適性和安全性的動態(tài)響應(yīng)。在美國和其他地方,被動基礎(chǔ)隔震系統(tǒng)在低層和中高層建筑抗震設(shè)防已經(jīng)成為一種公認(rèn)的設(shè)計方案。這吸引了來自15個國家337名參與者,包括225篇涵蓋各個方面的結(jié)構(gòu)控制的技術(shù)論文。在美國,土木工程結(jié)構(gòu)控制領(lǐng)域的演變是迅猛的,在過去的幾幾十年里吸引了眾多研究者注意和興趣。作為第一個步驟,一份代表作家的意見,并提供對未來研究的建議的報告正在準(zhǔn)備,但不會嘗試面面俱到在這個領(lǐng)域。 1 引言由地震或風(fēng)產(chǎn)生的振動可以通過各種手段控制,如改變硬度,質(zhì)量,阻尼,或形狀,并提供被動或主動的反作用力。第6節(jié)智能材料系統(tǒng)。第2節(jié)是被動能源消耗。結(jié)構(gòu)控制:過去,現(xiàn)在和未來作者是G. W. Housner: ASCE成員, L. A. Bergman, ASCE成員, T. K. Caughey,A. G. Chassiakos, ASCE成員, R. O. Claus, S. F. Masri, ASCE成員,R. E. Skelton,39。本文由以下幾個部分組成:第1節(jié)是介紹。第5節(jié)討論了傳感器的結(jié)構(gòu)控制。大量引用的文獻(xiàn)資料在下面列出。盡管民用結(jié)構(gòu)控制工程方面的努力才剛開始,但已經(jīng)發(fā)表的論文的數(shù)量是如此之多已經(jīng)超出審閱的能力要在有限的時間審查所有在美國,亞洲和歐洲的有關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)。因此,公布這個調(diào)查報告中的結(jié)構(gòu)控制的研究和應(yīng)用是可行的,指明對未來研究的現(xiàn)在方向。由于姚在1972年最初的概念研究,這個領(lǐng)域不斷走向成熟,最終1994年8月份在洛杉磯舉行了第一屆世界結(jié)構(gòu)振動控制會議。在日本,結(jié)構(gòu)控制獲得一系列發(fā)展并且目前超過20個完整的大型建筑應(yīng)用了主動控制系統(tǒng),主要是為了在強風(fēng)期間提高乘員舒適度,有關(guān)工作也有在歐洲和俄羅斯展開。此外,應(yīng)抗震設(shè)計規(guī)范要求的改變,因為一個破壞性地震,或許應(yīng)該歸功于最近洛杉磯市中心附近下面發(fā)現(xiàn)的一個活躍故障證明了分析和結(jié)構(gòu)抗震性能的升級是必要的。類似的這種結(jié)構(gòu)變動的事例同樣發(fā)生在最近的北嶺和神戶地震。米爾恩,在日本的一位教授級高級工程師,他建立了一個小木屋里并將其放置在球軸承來證明結(jié)構(gòu)可以避免地震晃動的影響。工程結(jié)構(gòu)領(lǐng)域第一次接受了這一技術(shù)是在20世紀(jì)60年代,從那時起,已經(jīng)采取了若干不同的方案,一個例子是低層的基礎(chǔ)隔震和中高層結(jié)構(gòu)和橋梁。另外,在最近的地震速度大脈沖已被記錄在該近斷層區(qū)域,這也可能使普通基礎(chǔ)隔震不切實際的。這項技術(shù)已欣然接受并應(yīng)用在美國的幾十個新的或正在改裝的隔震結(jié)構(gòu)中。 另一種被動的方法是被應(yīng)用到更高的建筑上以減少風(fēng)引起的振動的是調(diào)諧質(zhì)量阻尼器(TMD)。然而,設(shè)計者已經(jīng)掌握了幾個參數(shù),包括質(zhì)量比和吸收器的阻尼比,應(yīng)該與裝置的頻率和衰減能力是有關(guān)的。首先,土木工程結(jié)構(gòu)錨固的,因此是處于靜態(tài)穩(wěn)定的。它們的性能要求通常只有比較細(xì)微的不同。在目前的發(fā)展階段這種方法比較理想的總結(jié)了這個技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的狀態(tài),并指出了未來研究發(fā)展方向。 and (2) provides a link between structural control and other fields of control theory, pointing out bothdifferences and similarities, and points out where future research and application efforts are likely to provefruitful. The paper consists of the following sections: section 1 is an introduction。 section 5 discusses sensors for structural control。Prof. Emeritus, Div. of Engrg. and App!. Sci.,